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Compares two Islamic revivalist movements in South Asia, the Jamaat-i-Islami & the Tablighi Jamaat, with different strategies for Islamic revival. The emergence, growth, ideologies, & organization of each group & their bases of support are described. The highly organized, hierarchical Jamaat-i-Islami has more political goals, ie, establishing an Islamist state, while the apolitical Tablighi Jamaat seeks to reform & uplift the individual. The Jamaat-i-Islami is seen as a neofundamentalist movement with complementary political-ideological & cultural-religious elements & little electoral success. The Tablighi Jamaat is presented as a truly international Islamic movement that has mobilized large numbers of Muslims & better connected them to Islamic religious institutions & orthodox teachings. The impact of their contrasting positions on social, cultural, economic, & political issues faced by Muslims in South Asia is assessed. It is concluded that both movements have attempted to deal with the modern world by selecting pieces of the past to strengthen current Islam. 3 Tables, Bibliog. T. Arnold

Effectiveness of the laws in introducing changes in the family, promulgated in 1961; covers succession, registration of marriages, polygyny, divorce, maintenance, dower, and dissolution of marriages.

This study addresses the depiction of cultural hybridity and its ramifications on self-identity within Nadia Hashimi's "Sparks Like Stars" (2021), focusing on the protagonist's challenges and opportunities in navigating multiple cultural identities. The research problem centers on understanding the complex interplay between cultural hybridity and individual identity formation in a postcolonial context. Significantly, This approach adds to questions on how literary autobiographical narratives manage cultural hybridity in contemporary society. Employing Peter Morey's theoretical framework on cultural representation, the study aims to dissect the nuanced portrayal of the protagonist's journey towards self-identity, amidst the backdrop of inherited and acquired cultural influences. The novel's intricate exploration of cultural hybridity's impact on identity and the protagonist's struggle and growth as a postcolonial identity symbol.The study concludes by affirming the essential role of cultural hybridity in shaping complex individual identities, thereby enriching the discourse on postcolonial studies and multicultural literature.

This research article is an attempt to evaluate the Native and Afro American women writers 'sustained efforts to articulate a continuous and internal cultural female identity by constructing re evaluative narratives that deconstruct institutionally supported universal female images inflicted upon the third and fourth world women by the first world feminist intelligentsia. To do so these women writers radically depart from the conventions of Euro American stylistic, formal and structural modalities of the narrative and use instead a stylistic mosaic allowing the native and black oral traditions to imbricate with the white normative models. Since literature and arts have always been an effective medium, an expansive domain, and a discursive field where writers have been voicing the aureate human feelings, conflicting passions and the continuous struggles of the different societal segments, especially of deprived strata against those who maintain and perpetuate their cultural and political hegemony by suppressing the subalterns, the women writers from the fourth world ethnic communities have expressed whole range of the intensely personal and communal human emotions that radiate from the springboard of social, cultural, historic and political practices One of the significant features that the Native American and Afro American women writers often demonstrate include the use of magical realist strategies that express, on one hand, their efforts to indigenize narrative and, on the other hand, help them construct female identity from their own perspective since, within main concerns of contemporary fourth world feminist criticism, the (re) construction of female identity merits special attention and analysis. The stereotypical discursive construction of the Native and Afro American women by the dominant Euro American discourses bracketed them into essentialist categories glossing over the medley of vital differences that these women reveal in their social, cultural, anthropological and sexual strictures. Tackling the issue of the discursive construction of female identity that involves conceptual and perspectival problems, both Native American and Afro American women writers deconstruct the sweeping generalization of the fourth world women by challenging and subverting the clichéd images replacing them with empowered and agentive subjects who are no more subjected to, what Gyatri Spivk conceptualizes, subalternity and "epistemic violence".

Private sector investment in agricultural research in
Pakistan, although growing in importance, is limited at present and with
a few exceptions, has not had a significant impact on agricultural
production and productivity. The publicly funded agricultural research
system has made the major contribution to increases in production and
productivity growth. However the impressive gains of the past cannot be
achieved with the current underfunded public research system which makes
it all the more important for private sector investment in agricultural
research to achieve its full potential in areas of its comparative
advantage. This paper identifies the magnitude of private sector
agricultural research investment in Pakistan and discusses some of the
current policy constraints that hamper its scope. Information was
gathered through informal and formal surveys of multinational and
national firms conducting agricultural research in Pakistan in the areas
of inputs and product processing. Although private sector investment in
agricultural research has more than doubled in the past ten years,
uncertainty persists surrounding privatisation issues, unresolved
intellectual property rights regulation, and the enforcement of seed
certification and truth-in-labelling rules and regulations.

This article, evaluating the usefulness and applicability of the ecofeminist tenets upon the environmental fiction of Erdrich and Morrison, creates a new understanding of the preservation of the environment for engendering a more egalitarian relationship between humanity and nature. It presents the critique of the ways Toni Morrison and Louise Erdrich engage with the environmental themes and motifs using the historical connections of their communities with nature as a reference point via eco-performative texts. The overall scheme of the article, therefore, denies the anthropocentric approach upheld by the Euro-American world towards the environment and glorifies the biocentric approach revered and celebrated by the Native American and AfroAmerican lifestyle, emphasizing that in the cosmic scheme of nature, not just humans but non-humans, nature and environment are equal partners. The study concludes that Morrison and Erdrich have stressed in their fiction the ecocritical recognition of the inevitable interdependence of man and nature. Their fiction asserts that considering environmental issues to be human issues can positively affect the human attitude towards nature/environment.

This paper aims to explore the ecocritical perspective of Ted Hughes in his poetry as an alternative and complementary approach to anthropocentrism. The present study, immersed in the ecocritical theoretical insights, is significant in terms of pinpointing Hughes' contribution to advocating the need to promote Eco-friendly and symbiotic attitudes for ensuring what is termed as ecological balance. In his poetry, it is evident that nature still retains vigor, vitality, and primal energy, which is lost by man. Obsessed with the idea of conquering nature, which has its roots in the enlightenment ideologies of the nineteenth century, reason-led humans have taken a dangerous route to reach the pinnacle of worldly success by defeating the environment around which man believes, is his enemy so must be vanquished. Ted Hughes is the one finest nature poets of the twentieth century, highly acclaimed for his treatment of nature,environment, animals, and symbiotic relationship between man and his environment. Animals and ecological concerns frequently appear in his poetry, and he shows a delicate and human concern for the non-human creatures and believes in the harmonious co-existence of humans and non-humans. This paper explores bio centrism in Ted's poetry as an alternative and complementary approach to anthropocentrism.

The present study, grounded in the qualitative research paradigm, is an interpretive and explanatory analysis of Toni Morrison's fiction from the critical perspective of post structuralist feminist literary theory and fiction. In my reading of Toni Morrison's fiction as the manifestation/materialization of the knowledge in terms of discursive (re)configuration of women and to analyze their works from "feminine sentence" perspective, I have used Feminist poststructuralist theories in the discourse-theoretical/methodological background. As part of the methodology, this project draws extensively upon feminist theories, particularly those propounded by French Feminists Helene Cixous and Julia Kristeva, which I have used in the backdrop of discourse analysis methods proposed by Michel Foucault. This fusion of Feminist theories as a theoretical framework and discourse analysis as a methodology has illuminated systematically the process of the discursive formation, dissemination, and institutionalization of the knowledge about women. For my analysis of the discourse spectrum of the texts-to-be-analyzed, I have used extensively Foucault's notions about discourse and knowledge as discussed comprehensively in his books, articles, and interviews.

In this research, we visit literature directed seven steps procedure of scale development and incorporate it in studying dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine and thus finalized 16 items neurotransmitters scale. We incorporated 6 samples for construction of reliable multi-aspect questionnaire that imitated across the samples. We confirm the content adequacy qualitatively and quantitatively including discriminant and convergent validity. We also established the criterion-related validity through the instrument's relation with measures of behavioral aspects of individual investors. This research proposes that the neurotransmitters scale is valid and reliable. Neurotransmitters as dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine have significant use for individual stock markets investors. This investigators hope that the corroborated scale is reliable as well as valid and will be appropriate to utilize in upcoming studies of neurofinance.

'This article intends to explore and expose through the analysis of Morrison's Paradise how the Afro American female writers [re]construct the potential of Afro American ecriture feminine to seek the true freedom and empowerment of black women by appealing them to 'write-through bodies'. To achieve this purpose, this article articulates its theoretical agenda, through the exploration of the work of the outstanding, widely acknowledged award-winning, English speaking Afro American female writer: Toni Morrison. Though it aims to highlight the significance and contribution of the Afro American female novelists towards broadening the frontiers of 'ecriture feminine', it does not aim to offer the generalized history of women writing in Afro American literature. It seeks to propose alternative ways of informed analysis, grounded in discourse and Feminist theories, to evaluate Toni Morrison's contribution to 'ecriture feminine'.