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The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

The scientific problem of this dissertation is formulated by asking the question: what is the relationship between the competitive position of political parties and the use of functions of online fundraising communication? Purpose of the research – to identify the specifics of functions of the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania and its correlation with the competitive situation of the political parties. The newly developed theoretical framework makes it possible to analyse the specifics and functions of online fundraising communication undertaken by political parties as well as verify the normalisation hypothesis in the new context – fundraising communication; that also makes it possible to find out how the disparities of the competitive position of political parties existing beyond the internet are manifest in their communications for fundraising online. The research suggests that differences in the competitive position of the Lithuanian political parties also manifest in the fundraising communication these political parties carry out online: the political parties holding a better competitive position are more active in using the functions of participation and delivery; a better competitive position shows a more active use of various online communication tools and their functions for fundraising. Therefore, the online fundraising communication carried out by political parties of Lithuania shows indications of normalisation.

Politinių partijų ir kandidatų vykdoma lėšų rinkimo komunikacija, turinti ilgametę tradiciją daugelyje Vakarų valstybių ir ypač Jungtinėse Valstijose, pastaraisiais metais yra vis ryškiau matoma ir Lietuvoje. Tarp galimų šios tendencijos priežasčių verta nurodyti ne tik besikeičiančią lėšų aukojimo kultūrą, bet ir svarbų įstatymų pakeitimą: siekiant skaidrumo, nuo 2012 m. sausio Lietuvos politinėms partijoms yra draudžiama gauti finansinę paramą iš verslo įmonių, tačiau yra leidžiama gauti finansinę paramą iš gyventojų, aukojančių 1 procentą pajamų mokesčio. Per pastaruosius keletą metų ši galimybė tapo svarbia politinių partijų finansavimo dalimi, todėl daugelis politinių partijų aktyviai vykdo 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo komunikaciją, pateikdamos skirtingus argumentus, kodėl Lietuvos piliečiai turėtų joms aukoti 1 procentą pajamų mokesčio. Tyrimu siekiama išsiaiškinti Lietuvos politinių partijų vykdomoje lėšų rinkimo komunikacijoje naudojamų argumentavimo būdų specifiką ir argumentavimo tendencijas. Tyrimo metu atlikta 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo komunikacijos, kurią internete vykdo Lietuvos politinės partijos, kiekybinė turinio analizė, paremta teorine argumentavimo raiškos struktūra: racionalumo, emocingumo ir patikimumo įtikinėjimo kategorijomis. Analizuojami Lietuvos politinių partijų pateikti argumentai ir naudojami argumentavimo būdai, 2018 metų 1 procento pajamų mokesčio rinkimo kampanijos metu užfiksuoti trijose komunikacijos priemonėse: oficialiose politinių partijų interneto svetainėse, oficialiose politinių partijų paskyrose socialinių tinklų svetainėje "Facebook" ir oficialiuose politinių partijų siunčiamuose elektroniniuose naujienlaiškiuose.

In this article we analyze the legal regulation and scientific research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The aim is by analyzing the research on political fundraising carried out in the United States and Europe, to find out the main trends and lack of research. This analysis is relevant because it helps better understand the context of political finance in the United States and Europe, also to identify the trends and the need of future research. Moreover, the analysis and the introduction of topics of political finance research can become the basis of future research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The analysis of legal regulation of political finance suggests that the laws on political finance in the United States and European countries are often distinct, but in most cases the conditions for fundraising is good in both instances. The analysis of scientific research helped identify the main directions of the research in the United States and Europe. It was found out that the main research direction in which European countries fall behind the United States is fundraising from individual donors, and especially using internet as the channel of communication for fundraising. It was noticed that there is a lack of research analyzing fundraising from the perspective of communication, also analyzing the possibilities of improving fundraising mechanisms to raise more funds from individual donors, especially using the power of internet.

In this article we analyze the legal regulation and scientific research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The aim is by analyzing the research on political fundraising carried out in the United States and Europe, to find out the main trends and lack of research. This analysis is relevant because it helps better understand the context of political finance in the United States and Europe, also to identify the trends and the need of future research. Moreover, the analysis and the introduction of topics of political finance research can become the basis of future research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The analysis of legal regulation of political finance suggests that the laws on political finance in the United States and European countries are often distinct, but in most cases the conditions for fundraising is good in both instances. The analysis of scientific research helped identify the main directions of the research in the United States and Europe. It was found out that the main research direction in which European countries fall behind the United States is fundraising from individual donors, and especially using internet as the channel of communication for fundraising. It was noticed that there is a lack of research analyzing fundraising from the perspective of communication, also analyzing the possibilities of improving fundraising mechanisms to raise more funds from individual donors, especially using the power of internet. ; Straipsnyje apžvelgiamas Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų ir Europos šalių politinio finansavimo teisinis reguliavimas ir analizuojami mokslo darbai, kuriuose tiriamas šių šalių politinis finansavimas. Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėjus Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos valstybėse atliktus partijų ir politikų vykdomo lėšų rinkimo tyrimus, nustatyti pagrindines šių tyrimų kryptis ir trūkstamų tyrimų temas. Tokios analizės aktualumas grindžiamas tuo, kad tyrimų analizė padeda geriau suprasti politinio finansavimo situaciją Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos valstybėse, nustatyti šia tema atliekamų tyrimų tendencijas bei naujų tyrimų poreikį. Be to, tokia analizė ir susistemintas politinio finansavimo tyrimų tematikos pateikimas gali būti kaip pagrindas būsimiems politinio finansavimo tyrimams Jungtinėse Valstijose ar Europos valstybėse. Politinio finansavimo teisinio reguliavimo apžvalga leidžia teigti, kad Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos šalyse galiojantys politinio finansavimo įstatymai dažnai skiriasi, tačiau ir vienur, ir kitur daugeliu atvejų yra sudarytos palankios sąlygos partijoms bei politikams rinkti lėšas iš rėmėjų. Išanalizavus mokslinius tyrimus, išskirtos pagrindinės jų kryptys Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europoje. Nustatyta, kad politinio finansavimo tyrimų sritis, kurioje Europos šalys labiausiai atsilieka nuo Jungtinių Valstijų, yra lėšų rinkimas iš individualių aukotojų, ypač pasitelkiant internetą, kaip lėšų rinkimo komunikacijos priemonę. Pastebėta, kad trūksta tyrimų, kuriuose lėšų rinkimas būtų analizuojamas iš komunikacijos perspektyvos. Straipsnyje taip pat tiriamos partijų ir politikų galimybės pritraukti daugiau lėšų iš individualių aukotojų, ypač pasitelkiant interneto galimybes.

Straipsnyje apžvelgiamas Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų ir Europos šalių politinio finansavimo teisinis reguliavimas ir analizuojami mokslo darbai, kuriuose tiriamas šių šalių politinis finansavimas. Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėjus Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos valstybėse atliktus partijų ir politikų vykdomo lėšų rinkimo tyrimus, nustatyti pagrindines šių tyrimų kryptis ir trūkstamų tyrimų temas. Tokios analizės aktualumas grindžiamas tuo, kad tyrimų analizė padeda geriau suprasti politinio finansavimo situaciją Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos valstybėse, nustatyti šia tema atliekamų tyrimų tendencijas bei naujų tyrimų poreikį. Be to, tokia analizė ir susistemintas politinio finansavimo tyrimų tematikos pateikimas gali būti kaip pagrindas būsimiems politinio finansavimo tyrimams Jungtinėse Valstijose ar Europos valstybėse.
Politinio finansavimo teisinio reguliavimo apžvalga leidžia teigti, kad Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europos šalyse galiojantys politinio finansavimo įstatymai dažnai skiriasi, tačiau ir vienur, ir kitur daugeliu atvejų yra sudarytos palankios sąlygos partijoms bei politikams rinkti lėšas iš rėmėjų. Išanalizavus mokslinius tyrimus, išskirtos pagrindinės jų kryptys Jungtinėse Valstijose ir Europoje. Nustatyta, kad politinio finansavimo tyrimų sritis, kurioje Europos šalys labiausiai atsilieka nuo Jungtinių Valstijų, yra lėšų rinkimas iš individualių aukotojų, ypač pasitelkiant internetą, kaip lėšų rinkimo komunikacijos priemonę. Pastebėta, kad trūksta tyrimų, kuriuose lėšų rinkimas būtų analizuojamas iš komunikacijos perspektyvos. Straipsnyje taip pat tiriamos partijų ir politikų galimybės pritraukti daugiau lėšų iš individualių aukotojų, ypač pasitelkiant interneto galimybes.

In this article we analyze the legal regulation and scientific research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The aim is by analyzing the research on political fundraising carried out in the United States and Europe, to find out the main trends and lack of research. This analysis is relevant because it helps better understand the context of political finance in the United States and Europe, also to identify the trends and the need of future research. Moreover, the analysis and the introduction of topics of political finance research can become the basis of future research on political finance in the United States and Europe. The analysis of legal regulation of political finance suggests that the laws on political finance in the United States and European countries are often distinct, but in most cases the conditions for fundraising is good in both instances. The analysis of scientific research helped identify the main directions of the research in the United States and Europe. It was found out that the main research direction in which European countries fall behind the United States is fundraising from individual donors, and especially using internet as the channel of communication for fundraising. It was noticed that there is a lack of research analyzing fundraising from the perspective of communication, also analyzing the possibilities of improving fundraising mechanisms to raise more funds from individual donors, especially using the power of internet.

Kiekvienais metais sparčiai augant mobiliųjų įrenginių naudotojų skaičiui ir didėjant įrenginių techninėms galimybėms, mobiliosios programėlės tampa vis dažniau ir plačiau naudojamu politinės komunikacijos įrankiu, ypač rinkimų kampanijų laikotarpiu. Mobiliosios programėlės, kaip ir daugelis kitų informacinių ir komunikacinių technologijų inovacijų, politiniams tikslams pirmą kartą panaudotos JAV, tačiau netruko sparčiai išplisti ir į kitas pasaulio šalis, taip pat ir į Lietuvą. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos mobiliųjų programėlių taikymo galimybės politinės komunikacijos procesuose, analizuojami praktiniai jų išnaudojimo pavyzdžiai rinkimų kampanijose. Straipsnyje apibrėžiama mobiliųjų programėlių samprata ir jų pagrindinės savybės, aptariamos taikymo galimybės ir nauda politikoje ir rinkimuose. Taip pat detaliai aptariami pirmieji mobiliųjų programėlių panaudojimo rinkiminėje komunikacijoje pavyzdžiai anglakalbėse šalyse ir Lietuvoje.

[only abstract and keywords in English; full article, abstract and keywords in Lithuanian]
After the sudden growth of popularity of IT and the internet, scholars have noticed emerging differences between usage or non-usage of the internet among different individuals and groups of society. These differences were defined as the digital divide. At first, more attention was given to the differences of access to IT and the internet, but today, scholars are focusing on another level of the digital divide – one determined by skills, perceived value and motivation. In this article, we examine the characteristics of the different levels of the digital divide by analyzing various statistical indicators. We seek to explain which groups of Lithuanian society feel the social and digital divide the most; also, we explain the features and changes of every level of the digital divide.