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Higher education in Saudi Arabia is facing several challenges posed by a set of transformations in society in general, and the economy in particular. As economies become increasingly knowledge-based, universities bear the burden of helping the community transform into a knowledge society. This paper focuses on the most important challenges facing Saudi universities as they shift toward becoming contributors to a knowledge society. Using a descriptive analytical approach, data was collected from several studies and published statistics. A range of challenges was discovered, the most important of them are a heavy reliance on government funding, poor productivity of faculty members, the gap between the outputs of universities and the labor market, the absence of strategic planning for higher education, the absence of a national strategy for scientific research, and the weakness of the relationship between undergraduate majors and the needs of the community.

This article addresses the anguish and concerns raised by the events of 11 September 2001 among Americans—both Muslims and non-Muslims—about mutual hatred and distrust in light of the Quran. The Holy Book of Islam teaches pluralism, yet on both sides of the imagined fence, this message is misunderstood. It is not so much a clash of civilizations, as some American ideologues propagate, but a clash of ignorance that leads to such perilous situations. The complex economic, political, and global issues have been put under the rubric of stereotypes that dehumanize the "other." The Quran reveals the beauty of human diversity, accepts the truth of Jewish and Christian traditions, and promotes the idea of pluralism for cooperation, respect, and understanding among various communities. While both Muslims and non-Muslims frequently misuse the Quranic verses for political purposes, Muslim history, on the whole, demonstrates more tolerance and appreciation of other religious traditions than the histories of other religions do.

This article addresses the anguish & concerns raised by the events of 11 September 2001 among Americans -- both Muslims & non-Muslims -- about mutual hatred & distrust in light of the Quran. The Holy Book of Islam teaches pluralism, yet on both sides of the imagined fence, this message is misunderstood. It is not so much a clash of civilizations, as some American ideologues propagate, but a clash of ignorance that leads to such perilous situations. The complex economic, political, & global issues have been put under the rubric of stereotypes that dehumanize the "other." The Quran reveals the beauty of human diversity, accepts the truth of Jewish & Christian traditions, & promotes the idea of pluralism for cooperation, respect, & understanding among various communities. While both Muslims & non-Muslims frequently misuse the Quranic verses for political purposes, Muslim history, on the whole, demonstrates more tolerance & appreciation of other religious traditions than the histories of other religions do. 5 References. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications, Inc.]

'The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement' by Martha F. Lee is reviewed.

Three aspects of Jordanian society on the East Bank of the River Jordan are examined: demographics, employment, & education. Migration & high birthrates have combined to double the population in the past 20 years. Over 50% of the population is under age 15 & concentrated in the governates & larger cities of the East Bank. The LF remains predominantly M, has decreased slightly, & is significantly influenced by the emigration rate & the immigration of non-Jordanian workers. Both the number of schools & students in Jordan have increased dramatically since the ealy 1950s; in particular, F enrollment has risen. The dropout rate & student-teacher ratio have declined, although a serious shortage of qualified teachers exists. 17 Tables. L. Holland

Given their place within the judicial hierarchy, judges on lower courts face a complex array of challenges including heavy caseloads, mandatory dockets, and the threat of Supreme Court reversal. Despite the extensive scholarship on the American courts, little is known about judicial interactions in comparative contexts. We articulate and evaluate a framework for lower court adherence to Supreme Court precedents by leveraging a cross-national design in three countries—Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States—with similar systems but meaningful institutional variability. We find that the mechanisms promulgating adherence to Supreme Court precedents do not substantially vary across design or institutional context. Instead, our results demonstrate that legal factors exert a consistent, homogeneous effect on lower court compliance across judicial systems. Our work offers new and important implications for studies on law and courts and comparative institutions, more broadly.