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This book examines the ideas and practices underpinning state removal of children. Early twentieth century Spanish juvenile courts were involved in taking children from poor families, families displaced by war, and from political opponents. This study captures the voice and agency of the marginalized children and parents affected by mass removals.

AbstractThe effect of unions on workers' wage premiums for accepting on‐the‐job accident risk is a prominent subset of compensating differentials research. This article contributes to the literature by using a newly‐constructed balanced panel of railwaymen working in the traffic departments of three prominent Edwardian railway companies with operations in England and Wales. It avoids previous issues of endogeneity by controlling for a number of variables correlated with the risk rates, notably individual fixed effects. The results show that the largest railway union of the time, the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, was able to transform growing union density into power that increased wage premiums for fatal accident risk, although railwaymen's wages did not compensate them for non‐fatal accident risk. This article also considers how this relationship differed by varying levels of company‐specific human capital as measured by tenure. It finds a non‐linear relationship for both risk rates across the tenure cohorts.

The Spanish Civil War represents the most important and brutal conflict between the two world wars. This brutality makes humanitarian efforts to alleviate suffering important, but we have much to learn about British government-backed maritime rescue efforts of adults at risk from violence behind the lines. This article provides a history of these efforts which corrects the neglect of the Francoist repression in the historiography of British diplomatic responses to the Civil War and questions the argument that UK front-line diplomats acted according to a sense of fair play. It also demonstrates the importance Francoist indifference to humanitarian initiatives.

In May 1937, British charities and political activists combined forces to evacuate nearly 4000 Basque children from Spain to the United Kingdom. The evacuation marks one of the great chapters in twentieth century refugee history. Once General Franco's supporters conquered the whole of the Basque Country in early July 1937, a battle developed over the repatriation of the children. The historiography of these watershed events has focused on the bombing of Guernica as the cause of the evacuation, the impact upon domestic British politics and the role of centre and left activists in the struggle over the repatriation of the children to Franco's Spain. This article provides a fresh context by exploring the role of the children as symbols of Francoist violence behind the lines in the controversy over the evacuation. It also places the repatriation battle in the new framework of the Francoist removal of children from political opponents. It further examines the right-wing British activists who advocated repatriation and explores their entangled relationship with Spanish Francoists.