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Where Are the Disgruntled Voters?: Voter—Party Relations under Cartelizing Conditions
In: Party politics: an international journal for the study of political parties and political organizations, Volume 16, Issue 1, p. 29-49
ISSN: 1460-3683
Katz and Mair's provocative Cartel Party argument continues to create fertile ground for debate. This article contributes to under-explored areas of this debate by enhancing the theoretical and empirical understanding of the change in the relationship between parties and voters resulting from the introduction of the cartelizing condition of public funding. To this end, the article examines vote stability empirically, changes in turnout and individual public opinion data, before and after public funding was instituted. By disconfirming the hypothesized expectations of deteriorating voter—party relationships as a result of funding, the empirical analysis pinpoints a number of contradictions in current understanding of party system change. The article concludes by suggesting that still bound financially to voters at large, parties provide a good that is valued by constituents. If, however, these last ties are severed, rather than being at the cusp of a post-cartel system, the future of party systems is more akin to the elite systems of old.
Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. By Erin K. Jenne. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. xiv, 273 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Figures. Tables. Maps. $45.00, hard bound
In: Slavic review: interdisciplinary quarterly of Russian, Eurasian and East European studies, Volume 67, Issue 3, p. 756-757
ISSN: 2325-7784
Divergence in Diversity? The Dissimilar Effects of Cleavages on Electoral Politics in New Democracies
In: American journal of political science, Volume 51, Issue 3, p. 602-619
ISSN: 1540-5907
Recent theory on ethnic identity suggests that it is constructed and highly influenced by contextual factors and group leaders' strategies. Therefore, while the notion that social cleavages stabilize electoral politics is well established, which cleavages matter and why remain open questions. This article argues that in new democracies the effects of diffuse ethnic cleavages on electoral politics diverge depending on the amount of information they provide to their constituency. The information provision, in turn, depends on how well the cleavage lends itself to the formation of ethnic parties. A formal model of voting stability is developed and empirically tested using data on electoral volatility in all new democracies since 1945 and on individual voting in democratizing Bulgaria. The results show that in the sample examined only identity that centers on language jump‐starts party‐system stabilization, while race and religion do nothing to stabilize the vote in early elections.
Public Venture Capital and Party Institutionalization
In: Comparative political studies: CPS, Volume 38, Issue 8, p. 915-938
ISSN: 1552-3829
Funding of parties is common and controversial in new democracies. Nonetheless, the nascent literature about the effects of money in new party systems largely sidesteps the issue of public funding. This article seeks to begin filling this theoretical and empirical void. Two hypotheses are formulated about the expected effects of introduction and marginal increases in public funding on institutionalization of the party system. The hypotheses are then tested in a statistical study of all new democracies in Eastern Europe, the Baltics, and other former Soviet Republics. The results show strong support for the idea that public funding increases institutionalization of new party systems. This is in stark contrast to theories about more established democracies that hold introduction of public funding decreases institutionalization of the party system. Furthermore, the results suggest that differing thresholds to public funding have divergent effects on political institutionalization, but this effect is not necessarily linear.
Public Venture Capital and Party Institutionalization
In: Comparative political studies: CPS, Volume 38, Issue 8, p. 915-938
ISSN: 0010-4140
Stabilizing party systems and excluding segments of society?: The effects of formation costs on new party foundation in Latin America
In: Studies in comparative international development: SCID, Volume 39, Issue 3, p. 3-27
ISSN: 1936-6167
Stabilizing party systems and excluding segments of society?: the effects of formation costs on new party foundation in Latin America
In: Studies in comparative international development, Volume 39, Issue 3, p. 3-27
ISSN: 0039-3606
The costs of party formation potentially alter representation and change electoral dynamics before allocation rules come into play. Furthermore, the interaction of formation rules and demographic conditions occasionally produces in new democracies unintended effects on representation that are quite distinct from the effects of other electoral barriers. Currently, however, the literature does not systematically consider the role that institutions play in party formation and party survival in new democracies. This article considers the theoretical importance of formation rules on representation in the context of party-system development. The principal hypothesis proposed is that, while not a sufficient condition for the emergence of separate ethnic political parties, elimination of spatial registration rules, which mandate registration that exceeds the group's geographic distribution, is a necessary condition. (InWent/DÜI)
World Affairs Online
Book Reviews
In: Canadian journal of political science: CJPS = Revue canadienne de science politique : RCSP, Volume 41, Issue 2, p. 516
ISSN: 0008-4239
Alternatives in mobilization: ethnicity, religion, and political conflict
What determines which identity cleavage, ethnicity or religion, is mobilized in political contestation, be it peaceful or violent? In contrast to common predictions that the greatest contention occurs where identities are fully segmented, most identity conflicts in the world are between ethnic groups that share religion. Alternatives in Mobilization builds on the literature about political demography to address this seeming contradiction. The book proposes that variation in relative group size and intersection of cleavages help explain conundrums in the mobilization of identity, across transgressive and contained political settings. This theory is tested cross-nationally on identity mobilization in civil war and across violent conflict in Pakistan, Uganda, Nepal and Turkey, and peaceful electoral politics in Indonesia. This book helps illustrate a more accurate and improved picture of the ethnic and religious tapestry of the world and addresses an increasing need for a better understanding of how religion contributes to conflict.
World Affairs Online
Voting in the shadow of violence: electoral politics and conflict in Peru
In: Journal of global security studies, Volume 3, Issue 2, p. 181-197
ISSN: 2057-3189
Why do some insurgent groups with associated electoral parties target civilians despite the costs of doing so? Organizations with peaceful electoral wings and violent factions operating at the same time are common in contemporary democracies. One of the more consistent observations in the literature is that insurgent targeting of civilians is costly to their electoral counterpart, and insurgents are aware of this cost. Yet, many insurgent groups continue to target civilians. In this article, we suggest a localized effect of violence on electoral outcomes of parties with ties to violent groups offers an explanation for why such insurgent groups might continue to perpetrate violence. Specifically, we suggest insurgent benefits, measured as electoral costs to the incumbent for failure in stemming the violence, likely outweigh the localized electoral costs to insurgent-affiliated parties from the violence. Our subnational analysis of violence and electoral results across Peruvian provinces strongly supports our story.
World Affairs Online
A Voice in the Process: A cross-national look at ethnic inclusion and economic growth in the world
In: Development: journal of the Society for International Development (SID), Volume 57, Issue 1, p. 55-63
ISSN: 1461-7072
A voice in process: a cross-national look at ethnic inclusion and economic growth in the world
In: Development: the journal of the Society of International Development, Volume 57, Issue 1, p. 55-63
ISSN: 0020-6555, 1011-6370
World Affairs Online
THE ETHNICS OF VOTING
In: The review of politics, Volume 70, Issue 2, p. 329-331
ISSN: 0034-6705
Locking Down Violence: The COVID-19 Pandemic's Impact on Non-State Actor Violence
In: American political science review, Volume 117, Issue 4, p. 1327-1343
ISSN: 1537-5943
Although the effects of non-state actor violence on public health outcomes are well known, the effects of public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic on non-state actor violence are not. Lockdown measures, widely used to stop the spread of disease in crises, we argue, are likely to reduce non-state actor violence, especially in urban and non-base areas. These measures deplete actors' resources, reduce the number of high-value civilian targets, and make it logistically more difficult to conduct attacks. Using the example of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), and taking advantage of the exogenous nature of COVID-19 lockdowns, we find that curfews and travel bans significantly reduce violence, especially in populated and non-base areas. These effects are most likely due to short-term changes in ISIS's targets and logistics rather than its resources. These findings provide important insights into the security aspects of public health crises and offer novel findings into the general effectiveness of two common counterinsurgency tools.