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The aim of the article is to verify the category of ressentiment developed by Max Scheler in the light of disputes about the sources and causes of secularization. The category of ressentiment is one of the most important subjects of the author's scientific reflection, being an expression of his particular interest in the functioning of the world of values. On the other hand, the processes of secularization, which have become visible in Western societies in recent decades, are understood here as the result of a decline in interest in religious issues and the disappearance of references to the broadly understood supernatural world. The key issues concern the extent to which the phenomenological conceptual apparatus developed by Scheler can serve today as an effective tool for a fuller understanding of the essence of contemporary disputes over the secularization of the West. Thus, it seems possible to assess the topicality of Scheler's approach to the world of values as a timeless model and point of reference in research on the changing social reality.

The main aim of the article is to examine Janusz Hryniewicz's concept of Polish economic culture. According to the discussed author, a lot of elements present in contemporary Polish companies and organizations (economic practices) are the result of participation in an East-Central Europe economic and social system based on agriculture. Processes of long duration led to a division of the European space in the 16th century: in Western Europe we can see the development of capitalism and its institutions; in East-Central Europe, the rise of a social and economic system based on the manorial-serf economy (called new serfdom). Hryniewicz tries to show the link between rules of misconduct in the 16th century manor farm and the contemporary attitude to the job of workers and managers alike. The paper is an attempt to show the discussed concept from an anthropological and cultural studies perspective.

The main aim of the paper is to show and examine how culture shapes human progress; in particular—how values determine economic development. The author describes culture as an axiological sphere including values, rules, customs, beliefs attitudes and worldviews that are prevalent in a given society. According to the humanistic perspective (called cultural turn), adequate values and other axiological determinants have a very positive impact on economic development of each society. The author analyses Mariano Grondona's twenty cultural factors: religion, trust in the individual, the moral imperative, two concepts of wealth, different views of competition, two notions of Justice, the value of work, the role of Heresy, education, the importance of utility, the lesser virtues, time focus, rationality, authority, worldview, life view, salvation from or in the world, two Utopians, nature of optimism, two visions of democracy. The main thesis of the Grondona's work is that economic development and well-being of civilization depends on choosing a progressive value system by a society. The author emphasizes that a further study must be conducted to understand and apply scientifically this model.

Wiesław Banach, Między Chinami a Zachodem. Etos pracy jako przejaw nowej odsłony "zderzenia cywilizacji"? [Between China and the West. The ethos of work as a manifestation of new version of the "clash of civilizations"] edited by W. Banach, M.A. Michalski, J. Sójka, "Człowiek i Społeczeństwo" vol. XLVI: Między Chinami a Zachodem. Pytanie o źródła chińskiego sukcesu gospodarczego [Between China and the West. An inquiry into the sources of the Chinese economic miracle], Poznań 2018, pp. 121–143, Adam Mickiewicz University. Faculty of Social Sciences Press. ISSN 0239-3271.The purpose of this article is to compare the Chinese and Western value systems in terms of their suitability for economic development. The author focuses on a very important element of every economic culture which is the work ethos. He understands it as a conviction that only hard and systematic work gives the individual the chance to live in relative prosperity. The ethos of work understood in this way is one of the most basic and common cultural habits. It does not arise spontaneously, that is, in a natural way, but it must be developed and cherished, or cultivated. A comparison of the contemporary Eastern and Western work ethos can be helpful in understanding the causes of China's economic success and the declining importance of the West. These considerations are carried out in the context of Samuel Huntington's 25-year-old thesis about the growing importance of cultural factors in the modern world. According to the author of "Clash of civilizations", such cultural factors as religion, tradition, customs, morality and everything called the system of values are now the source of a deepening global conflict and at the same time increasing economic distance between China and the West.

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na elementy szeroko pojętej kultury, które stanowić mogą różnego rodzaju utrudnienia i bariery w skutecznym kształtowaniu postaw prospołecznych wśród uczestników życia gospodarczego w Polsce. Autor wychodzi z założenia, że satysfakcjonujące kształcenie odpowiednich postaw obywatelskich – zarówno obecnych, jak i przyszłych studentów, kadr pracowniczych i menedżerskich, a nawet konsumentów i klientów – nie może być oderwane od kontekstu kulturowego. Innymi słowy, jeśli podejmowane działania edukacyjne przynieść mają pożądany rezultat, nie mogą abstrahować od dominujących w danym społeczeństwie wartości, norm, postaw czy wzorów zachowań. Należy przy tym zdawać sobie sprawę, że dokonywanie zmian w sferze kultury jest dość ograniczone i zawsze rozciągnięte w czasie. Artykuł podejmuje próbę wskazania na najbardziej charakterystyczne cechy polskiej mentalności, ugruntowane zwłaszcza w ostatnich dekadach, które stanowią uciążliwą spuściznę komunizmu. To wówczas wykształciły się antyspołeczne postawy egoizmu, prywaty, wyuczonej bierności, braku motywacji i inicjatywy. Autor referatu podkreśla, że zarówno jako społeczeństwo, jak i poszczególni jego członkowie nie do końca potrafiliśmy zerwać z tą spuścizną. Wydaje się zatem, że współczesne działania edukacyjne nie przyniosą w pełni zadowalających efektów póki nie pozbędziemy się tego zbędnego balastu.

The main aim of the paper is to show and examine how culture shapes human progress; in particular—how values determine economic development. The author describes culture as an axiological sphere including values, rules, customs, beliefs attitudes and worldviews that are prevalent in a given society. According to the humanistic perspective (called cultural turn), adequate values and other axiological determinants have a very positive impact on economic development of each society. The author analyses Mariano Grondona's twenty cultural factors: religion, trust in the individual, the moral imperative, two concepts of wealth, different views of competition, two notions of Justice, the value of work, the role of Heresy, education, the importance of utility, the lesser virtues, time focus, rationality, authority, worldview, life view, salvation from or in the world, two Utopians, nature of optimism, two visions of democracy. The main thesis of the Grondona's work is that economic development and well-being of civilization depends on choosing a progressive value system by a society. The author emphasizes that a further study must be conducted to understand and apply scientifically this model. ; Publication of English-language versions of the volumes of the "Annales. Ethics in Economic Life" financed through contract no. 501/1/P-DUN/2017 from the funds of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education devoted to the promotion of scholarship.

The aim of this paper is to present and examine the link between culture and economic backwardness. One of the main questions of economic thought is: why some are so rich and some so poor? Traditionalexplanations like imperialism, dependency and racism are no longer adequate, and increasingly observers are concluding that the principal reason why some countries and ethnic groups are better off than others lies in cultural values, which powerfully shape political, economic and social performance. According to many authors (Lawrence E. Harrison, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Berger, David Landes, Mariano Grondona, Francis Fukuyama, Robert Putnam, Ronald Inglehart, Michael Porter) adequate values, axiological determinants and other cultural factors (like customs, beliefs attitudes, trust in the individual, the moral imperative, the value of work) have a very positive impact on the economic development of each society. The paper is an attempt to show why the category of backwardness is more appropriate and helpful for the understanding of the role of culture than the category of development.

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