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Author discussed various theoretical difficulties connected with the concept and dynamics of international system. He claims that many misunderstandings in political science, including inaccurate predictions as well as real-time-analysis, are caused by lack of precise theory of international systems within international relations as well as failure to adapt some concepts regarding systems from General System Theory, Cybernetics, Chaos Theory and Catastrophy Theory (or paradigm of complexity as a whole), that seem to be used with success in other disciplines like biology or physics. The author proposes five essential dimensions where structure of the system could be successfully measured. He argues that systemic approach based on various theories concerning complexity can lead to resolving some essential questions concerning the nature of the system with the most important one concerning mechanisms at various levels of the system, need to be answered.

Author discussed various theoretical difficulties connected with the concept and dynamics of international system. He claims that many misunderstandings in political science, including inaccurate predictions as well as real-time-analysis, are caused by lack of precise theory of international systems within international relations as well as failure to adapt some concepts regarding systems from General System Theory, Cybernetics, Chaos Theory and Catastrophy Theory (or paradigm of complexity as a whole), that seem to be used with success in other disciplines like biology or physics. The author proposes five essential dimensions where structure of the system could be successfully measured. He argues that systemic approach based on various theories concerning complexity can lead to resolving some essential questions concerning the nature of the system with the most important one concerning mechanisms at various levels of the system, need to be answered. ; Poniższy artykuł dotyczy wybranych teoretycznych problemów związanych z koncepcją oraz dynamiką systemu międzynarodowego. Autor stwierdza, iż wiele nieścisłości istniejących w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych na temat systemu międzynarodowego wynika z braku ścisłej teorii systemu międzynarodowego oraz braku zaadaptowania koncepcji pochodzących z ogólnej teorii systemów, cybernetyki, teorii chaosu oraz teorii katastrof (lub ogólniej: paradygmatu złożoności), które z powodzeniem są stosowane w innych dyscyplinach, takich jak biologia czy fizyka. Autor proponuje pięć wymiarów, gdzie dokonywać się może pomiar struktury systemu oraz jego zachowania. Autor zakłada, że podejście ściśle systemowe oparte na paradygmacie złożoności może prowadzić do odpowiedzi na ważne pytania dotyczące natury systemu, w szczególności jeśli chodzi o tożsamość mechanizmów działających na różnych poziomach systemu.

System-based research remains an important yet usually outdated and internally contradictory approach in political science and international relations. Based on concepts borrowed from physiology, cybernetics, and general system theory, the system-based approach popularised in the 1960s was cast away as outdated and ill-focused. Despite those systems, the theory was developed in natural sciences, eventually creating a paradigm more applicable to domestic and international politics. The weakest element of past systems (like the one proposed by D. Easton) was that they did not allow for a sudden and catastrophic transformation and lacked emergence. This paper aims to present a model that would allow for the system's ordinary and catastrophic transformation. The complex adaptive system features were defined using relevant literature on a paradigm of complexity. Connecting it with the propositions of D. Easton, R. Axelrod, and M. Cohen, as well as R. Jervis, such a model was constructed. The theoretical introduction is supplanted with a general case study of the early phases of the Arab Spring in Tunisia. The model mirrors the complex systems' dynamics, considering the agent-structure problem.