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"Stefano Bartolini argues that, despite the growth of a large theoretical literature about institutions and institutionalism over the last thirty years, the specific nature of political institutions has been relatively neglected. Political institutions have been subsumed into the broader problems of the emergence, persistence, change and functions of all types of institutions. The author defines political institutions strictly as norms and rules of 'conferral', to be distinguished from norms/rules of 'conduct' and of 'recognition'. They are those norms and rules that empower rulers, set limits to the capacity to ensure behavioural compliance, and define the proper means for achieving such compliance. This book draws logical and empirical consequences from this understanding, to distinguish different types of norms/rules, and to specify the peculiarities of those norms/rules that are 'political'. The book will appeal to researchers of political institutions in comparative politics, and in political science and political sociology more broadly."--

The development of political rights, and in particular, the right to vote, was the end result of a long historical process going back to the eighteenth century and was rooted in the development of civic rights (Marshall 1964; Bendix 1978). [.] The development of voting rights should not be seen as linear development of previous and perquisite rights of expressions, association, and opposition. [.] It is difficult to find a common dimension along which to rank-order national cases. However, I distinguish cases along an early versus late [timing] dimension, a sudden versus gradual [tempo] dimension, and a continuity dimension (with or without important reversals).