The Sociology of Ethnicity
In: Sociological research online, Volume 10, Issue 4, p. 68-68
ISSN: 1360-7804
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In: Sociological research online, Volume 10, Issue 4, p. 68-68
ISSN: 1360-7804
In: International journal of population data science: (IJPDS), Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2399-4908
ABSTRACTObjectiveMaternal obesity during pregnancy is a risk factor for increased childhood body mass index (BMI) and the mechanism may be causal or confounded by lifestyle common to mother and child. We studied BMI in siblings and their mothers to test the hypothesis that siblings born after maternal weight gain will have increased BMI compared to older siblings. ApproachThis was a whole population data linkage study using data from North East Scotland, UK. Databases containing details from pregnant mothers and their five-year-old children born between 1997 and 2005 were linked using the community health index number. Childhood BMI and the difference between siblings BMI were related to maternal weight gain between pregnancies. Covariates included maternal obesity, smoking, socioeconomic status and the child's birth weight.ResultsMaternal weight gain between pregnancies was determined for 5,863 mothers in whom 718 had >2 pregnancies. Childhood BMI z score was increased in association with maternal obesity (mean increase 0.47 [95% CI 0.39, 0.56]) and with ≥10% maternal weight gain between pregnancies (mean increase 0.14 [95% CI 0.06, 0.21]), independent of covariates. In contrast, increased BMI z score for younger siblings, compared to older siblings, was not associated with maternal obesity in the earlier pregnancy or maternal weight gain between pregnancies. BMI z score was higher in younger compared to older siblings in association with deprivation (mean difference between most and least affluent categories 0.29 [0.08, 0.37]), persistent or new onset maternal smoking (increased by mean of 0.10[0.00, 0.19] for always smokers and 0.20[0.03, 0.38] for those starting compared to never smoked) and increased birth weight (BMI z score increased by 0.11 for each increase in birth weight z score [0.07, 0.14]).ConclusionWhen within-family confounding is considered, poverty, persistent and new onset maternal smoking during pregnancy and increased birth weight, but not maternal obesity or weight gain, are independent predictors of increased BMI in young children.
Corriegendum: The authors would like to apologise for errors in Table IV and Supplementary Table SI of the above article. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the custodians of Aberdeen Maternal and Neonatal Databank for granting access to the required dataset. FUNDING This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 722634. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
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In: International journal of population data science: (IJPDS), Volume 1, Issue 1
ISSN: 2399-4908
ABSTRACTObjectiveWomen with a diagnosis of non-affective psychosis have a lower fertility rate than the general population. However, perinatal outcomes in mothers with non-affective psychosis are under-researched. What is the general fertility rate (GFR) of women with a lifetime diagnosis of non-affective psychosis in Scotland? Does such a diagnosis affect the outcome of pregnancy?
ApproachAn 'exposed' cohort with non-affective psychosis and at least one pregnancy was established using a combined dataset derived via data linkage in local safe havens of routine psychiatric and maternity data from two Scottish regions:•NHS Grampian (NHSGr): Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal Databank (AMND); psychiatric casenotes•NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGG&C): SMR02; PsyCIS bespoke psychiatric databaseExposed women were matched to women without a diagnosis of non-affective psychosis, by maternal age (NHSGG&C only), year of first birth, parity and deprivation, sourced from AMND/SMR02 in a 3:1 unexposed:exposed ratio.
Demographics and pregnancy outcomes of exposed versus unexposed women were analysed to describe effect of psychosis on pregnancy.
ResultsMany challenges were encountered in terms of having legal agreements in place between institutions and safe havens, constructing cohorts and datasets within each study site and joining the data to analyse the overall cohort. Challenges with the data itself included discrepancies between the variables measured in datasets in different sites and missing information within patient records, particularly in earlier years. Preliminary results for the NHSGG&C region show that the average GFR for exposed women aged 15-44 from 2005 to 2014 was 14.38 compared to the general population rate of 55.26. The number of women ever having a miscarriage was significantly higher in the exposed group (23.4% vs 9.9%; p-value <0.001). However during the study period (1996 to 2014), more unexposed women had miscarriages (0.5% vs 4.7%; p-value = 0.002). There were no significant differences in pregnancy complications for the study period. The mean birthweight of babies was lower (3.23kg vs 3.35kg; p-value = 0.029) and more babies were admitted to neonatal units (17.5% vs 9.8%; p-value = 0.004) in the exposed group. Results for the NHSGr region and the combined dataset will also be reported.
ConclusionThis work highlights that there remain hurdles to linking data across sites, despite availability of rich datasets within Scotland. Women with non-affective psychosis within NHSGG&C region had a lower fertility rate on average than the general population and some poorer outcomes, such as birthweight and rate of admission to neonatal units.
Reliance on government-led policies have heightened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research on the policies associated with outcomes other than mortality rates remains warranted. We aimed to determine associations between government public health policies on the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. This ecological study including countries reporting ≥25 daily COVID-related deaths until end May 2020, utilised public data on policy indicators described by the Blavatnik school of Government. Associations between policy indicators and severity of the pandemic (mean mortality rate, time to peak, peak deaths per 100,000, cumulative deaths after peak per 100,000 and ratio of mean slope of the descending curve to mean slope of the ascending curve) were measured using Spearman rank-order tests. Analyses were stratified for age, income and region. Among 22 countries, containment policies such as school closures appeared effective in younger populations (r(s) = −0.620, p = 0.042) and debt/contract relief in older populations (r(s) = −0.743, p = 0.009) when assessing peak deaths per 100,000. In European countries, containment policies were generally associated with good outcomes. In non-European countries, school closures were associated with mostly good outcomes (r(s) = −0.757, p = 0.049 for mean mortality rate). In high-income countries, health system policies were generally effective, contrasting to low-income countries. Containment policies may be effective in younger populations or in high-income or European countries. Health system policies have been most effective in high-income countries.
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In: Yoshida , S , Martines , J , Lawn , J E , Wall , S , Souza , J P , Rudan , I , Cousens , S , Aaby , P , Adam , I , Adhikari , R K , Ambalavanan , N , Arifeen , S E , Aryal , D R , Asiruddin , S , Baqui , A , Barros , A J , Benn , C S , Bhandari , V , Bhatnagar , S , Bhattacharya , S , Bhutta , Z A , Black , R E , Blencowe , H , Bose , C , Brown , J , Bührer , C , Carlo , W , Cecatti , J G , Cheung , P-Y , Clark , R , Colbourn , T , Conde-Agudelo , A , Corbett , E , Czeizel , A E , Das , A , Day , L T , Deal , C , Deorari , A , Dilmen , U , English , M , Engmann , C , Esamai , F , Fall , C , Ferriero , D M , Gisore , P , Hazir , T , Higgins , R D , Homer , C S , Hoque , D E , Irgens , L & neonatal health research priority setting group 2016 , ' Setting research priorities to improve global newborn health and prevent stillbirths by 2025 ' , Journal of Global Health , vol. 6 , no. 1 , pp. 010508 . https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.06.010508
BACKGROUND: In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health research priorities for 2013-2025. METHODS: We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts. RESULTS: Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour. CONCLUSION: These findings will assist both donors and researchers in supporting and conducting research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging research funders to support them. We will track research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.
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Background: In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health research priorities for 2013–2025. Methods: We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts. Results: Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour. Conclusion: These findings will assist both donors and researchers in supporting and conducting research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging research funders to support them. We will track research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed ; publishedVersion
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BackgroundIn 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health research priorities for 2013-2025.MethodsWe used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts.ResultsNine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour.ConclusionThese findings will assist both donors and researchers in supporting and conducting research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging research funders to support them. We will track research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.
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In 2013, an estimated 2.8 million newborns died and 2.7 million were stillborn. A much greater number suffer from long term impairment associated with preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and perinatal or infectious causes. With the approaching deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2015, there was a need to set the new research priorities on newborns and stillbirth with a focus not only on survival but also on health, growth and development. We therefore carried out a systematic exercise to set newborn health research priorities for 2013-2025. We used adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methods for this prioritization exercise. We identified and approached the 200 most productive researchers and 400 program experts, and 132 of them submitted research questions online. These were collated into a set of 205 research questions, sent for scoring to the 600 identified experts, and were assessed and scored by 91 experts. Nine out of top ten identified priorities were in the domain of research on improving delivery of known interventions, with simplified neonatal resuscitation program and clinical algorithms and improved skills of community health workers leading the list. The top 10 priorities in the domain of development were led by ideas on improved Kangaroo Mother Care at community level, how to improve the accuracy of diagnosis by community health workers, and perinatal audits. The 10 leading priorities for discovery research focused on stable surfactant with novel modes of administration for preterm babies, ability to diagnose fetal distress and novel tocolytic agents to delay or stop preterm labour. These findings will assist both donors and researchers in supporting and conducting research to close the knowledge gaps for reducing neonatal mortality, morbidity and long term impairment. WHO, SNL and other partners will work to generate interest among key national stakeholders, governments, NGOs, and research institutes in these priorities, while encouraging research funders to support them. We will track research funding, relevant requests for proposals and trial registers to monitor if the priorities identified by this exercise are being addressed.
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