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ABSTRACT: This article aims at presenting the strengths and weaknesses of the Romanian legislation towards cryptocurrencies. While starting from legal acceptances of cryptocurrencies from the US and EU, the article moves on to an analysis of Romanian legislation that treats cryptocurrency fiscally and criminally. Concluding, legislators around the world are falling behind regulation the mysterious new digital age of finance and cryptography-and-distributed-ledger-based assets. Also, one can remark that non-fungible tokens and cryptocurrency are the basis of a more complex and prominent legal construct that is "smart contract". KEYWORDS: Cryptocurrency, fintech, non-fungible tokens, digital ledger, blockchain

ABSTRACT: This article aims at presenting the strengths and weaknesses of the Romanian legislation towards non-fungible tokens (NFTs). We start by recognizing that there is no active legislation that deals with cryptocurrency, NFTs or any other digital asset using a digital ledger of transactions (DLT). The starting point is the analysis of the legal characteristics of an NFT through the classical qualification and distinction made for goods by the Romanian Civil code. Further, we raise some issues regarding establishing a clear tax regime and the correlation between NFTs and intellectual property rights, and finally conclude that when it comes to qualifying crypto-assets, we need to adopt a 'substance over form' approach, in order to avoid regulatory unpredictability. KEYWORDS: Non-fungible tokens, NFT, cryptocurrency, DLT, blockchain

ABSTRACT: The European Union has taken great strides in harmonizing the sale of goods contracts, however the Common European Sales Law is yet to be approved. In 2019, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive (EU) 2019/771 of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods. Some of the main benefits of the directive are: a minimum warranty period of two years from the date on which the consumer receives the good in question and a period of one year for the burden of proof reversed in favor of the consumer, and the possibility for the countries to set longer deadlines than these to maintain their current level of consumer protection. This article is set out to present the steps made towards a unified theory of sales law and some issues that can appear when concepts from different legal systems are adopted into one legal framework. KEYWORDS: contract, law, sale, goods, EU, Common European Sales Law, international

La Cátedra Economía Social y Cooperativas de la Universidad de Zaragoza es heredera de la Cátedra Cooperativas y Economía Social, Caja Rural de Teruel (http://catedraeconomiasocial.unizar.es/) y se crea como colaboración con el Gobierno de Aragón en abril de 2021 con el objetivo de crear conocimiento, divulgar y promover a través de sus actividades el cooperativismo y la Economía Social. El objetivo general de la cátedra se concreta en tres subobjetivos: Primero, fomentar el conocimiento sobre las cooperativas para permitir el desarrollo de la democracia dentro de la sociedad fomentándola en el ámbito de trabajo. De esta forma se busca homogeneizar el uso de sistemas democráticos para la organización social, más allá del propio sistema político, adentrándose en el ámbito laboral. De manera adicional, se busca distribuir el conocimiento generado en la comunidad universitaria con el fin de impulsar un interés y un estudio de la cooperativa desde diferentes ramas del conocimiento. Segundo, facilitar la investigación y el estudio de la realidad de la Economía Social Aragonesa desde el ámbito universitario usando una óptima multidisciplinar. Tercero, promover la iniciativa emprendedora en el ámbito de la comunidad universitaria y, en colaboración con las instituciones de Economía Social y sociedades cooperativistas, crear una conexión duradera entre los alumnos de grado y máster y las entidades de Economía Social de Aragón para que, por un lado, se facilite la empleabilidad de los alumnos y, por otro lado, se dinamicen las empresas de Economía Social con la ayuda de los jóvenes. Para alcanzar dichos objetivos, la cátedra colabora con diferentes personas, entidades y actores y lleva a cabo diversos tipos de actividades. La cátedra colabora con diversas instituciones y plataformas: • CEPES-Aragón, • el Grupo de Investigación GESES (Grupo de Estudios Sociales y Económicos del Tercer Sector) de la Universidad de Zaragoza, • el GIDID (Grupo Interdisciplinar de Innovación Docente de la Universidad de Zaragoza), • el Laboratorio de Economía Social (LAB_ES), • la Red ENUIES (Red Española de Institutos y Centros Universitarios de Investigación en Economía Social). También se ha contado con un Equipo Asesor para recibir apoyo en la realización de diferentes actividades de la forma más eficiente posible.

One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Constituents -- Surface Information and Analyticity -- Hintikka on Quantifying In and On Trans-World Identity -- Game-Theoretical Semantics and Logical Form -- Hintikka's Inductive Logic -- Hintikka's Epistemic Logic -- Hintikka's Theory of Questions -- What Is a "Perceptually Well-Defined Individual"? Hintikka's Views on Perception -- On Objects and Worlds of Thought in the Philosophy of Hintikka -- Hintikka on Modalities and Determinism in Aristotle -- Hintikka's Ontology -- Replies and Comments -- Three -- Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Self-Profile -- Chisholm on Intentionality, Thought, and Reference -- States of Affairs -- The Objects of Perception -- Chisholm on Certainty -- Chisholm's Theory of Action -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Roderick Chisholm -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Armstrong's Theory of Perception -- Armstrong's Causal Theory of Mind -- Armstrong on Belief -- Armstrong's Theory of Knowing -- Armstrong on Universals and Particulars -- Armstrong on Determinable and Substantival Universals -- Laws of Nature: The Empiricist Challenge -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of D. M. Armstrong -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

I -- One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Kyburg's System of Probability -- Kyburg on Direct Inference -- Reply -- Three -- Bibliography of Henry E. Kyburg, Jr. -- II -- One -- Self-Profile -- Two -- Levi's Theory of Acceptance -- Levi on the Dogma of Randomization in Experiments -- Replies -- Three -- Bibliography of Isaac Levi -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.