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European industrial policy for high technology must be reformulated. First, past support of producers over users has undermined producers by not creating a sophisticated market, the single most powerful industrial policy tool. Second, global trade and investment are regionalizing. Policies aimed at rejuvenating sectors such as electronics must consider that regionalization will make access to technology and markets increasingly asymmetrical. The concepts of supply base and architecture of supply clarify this understanding. Europe must not just refocus domestic support but also secure access to the supply bases of the other two regions, America and Asia.

is Article first explores the origins and evolution of existing trade norms and institutions.7 Then, as an example of the pressures on and potential responses open to United States industry, the Article turns to the recent experiences of the United States semiconductor industry.8 The Article concludes with some thoughts on the future of trade policymaking institutions, including the insight that the failure in United States trade policy has been in part due to the lack of ideas on how the United States should respond to foreign competition in a burgeoning world economy.

This book addresses the changing nature of high-tech industries in Asia, particularly in the electronics sector. Its up-to-date findings will be invaluable to those involved in management, production networks and corporate strategy.