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Anti-fascism became one of the main causes of the American left-liberal milieu during the mid-1930s. The chapter offers a new analysis of two communist-led, international organisations called the World Committee against War and Fascism and the World Relief Committee for the Victims of German Fascism. The chapter aims to show how anti-Nazi activities were initially mobilised in the USA from 1933 to 1935. It reveals the transnational connections present in American anti-fascist movements and shows the importance of the connections established between American anti-fascists and German, British and French anti-fascists before the beginning of the popular front period. It provides new insights to the ways anti-fascist ideas and practices were effectively circulated across the Atlantic and within North America. The time period was filled with contradictions and ambiguities especially due to the Communist International's sectarianism that initially hampered co-operation within the broader American left. Still, transatlantic anti-fascist solidarity networks had already managed by mid-1933 to inspire local anti-Nazi activism across the USA.

Hitler's seizure of power on 30 January 1933 provided an urgent impetus to stage transnational anti-fascist conferences and rallies on a global scale. One of the first, but almost completely overlooked major conferences was organised in Copenhagen in April 1933 in the form of a Scandinavian Anti-Fascist Conference. The chapter will use the event as a prism to look backwards at anti-fascist activism in the Nordic countries during the preceding years and follow its transformation process in its immediate aftermath. What form did these largely overlooked anti-fascist articulations and manifestations take, and how were they connected to the rising transnational and global anti-fascist mobilisation coordinated in Paris and London? The chapter shows that the establishment of the Third Reich, on the one hand, vitalised anti-fascism in Scandinavia but that it paradoxically, on the other, further sharpened the communist critique of reformist social democracy and empowered social democratic anti-communism. Moreover, small neutral states, especially with social democratic governments, were confronted with an acute dilemma as the German foreign office made it clear that sharp critique of Nazi Germany and Hitler in the Nordic press and social movements had to be limited in order to maintain good bilateral relations.

This article focuses on the ways in which anti-colonialism, anti-racism, and anti-fascism were intertwined within the Third Period, and the extent to which these ideals were already being drawn together in the preceding era of the United Front. Drawing heavily on the articles and imagery
of Willi Münzenberg's Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung, the piece demonstrates the ways in which communist anti-fascist campaigning around the world facilitated the development of sophisticated anti-racist arguments which aimed at undermining the ideological basis of fascist movements
and colonial rulers alike. It evidences the extent to which communists felt that countering the pseudoscience of race could play an important role in numerous facets of their campaigning. Furthermore, it highlights the attempts by activists and writers to develop a conception of anti-fascism
and anti-colonialism as mutually-reinforcing strategies which could be deployed in tandem, and the ways that this ideological interweaving was drawn into campaigns both against the Nazis' use of racial science to justify anti-Semitic policy, and fascist Italy's invasion of Ethiopia based on
Social Darwinist precepts.

"Anti-Fascism and Ethnic Minorities explores how, and to what extent, fascist ultranationalism elicited an anti-fascist response among ethnic minority communities in Eastern and Central Europe. The edited volume analyses how identities related to class, ethnicity, gender and political ideologies were negotiated within and between minorities through confrontations with domestic and international fascism. By developing and expanding the study of Jewish anti-fascism and resistance to other minority responses, the book opens the field of anti-fascism studies for a broader comparative approach. The volume is thematically located in Central and Eastern Europe, cutting right across the continent from Finland in the North to Albania in the Southeast. The case studies in the fourteen research chapters are divided into five thematic sections, dealing with the issues of 1) minorities in borderlands and cross-border antifascism, 2) minorities navigating the ideological squeeze between communism and fascism, 3) the role of intellectuals in the defence of minority rights, 4) the anti-fascist resistance against fascist and Nazi occupation during World War II, as well as 5) the conflictual role ascribed to ethnicity in post-war memory politics and commemorations. The editors describe their intersectional approach to the analysis of ethnicity as a crucial category of analysis with regard to anti-fascist histories and memories. The book offers scholars and students valuable historical and comparative perspectives on minority studies, Jewish studies, borderland studies, and memory studies. It will appeal to those with an interest in the history of race and racism, fascism and anti-fascism, and Central and Eastern Europe"--

Towards A Global History of Anti-Fascism: Introduction. Kasper Braskén, David Featherstone, Nigel Copsey Part I Globalising Anti-Fascist Geographies 1 Radical Diasporic Anti-Fascism in the 1920s: Italian Anarchists in the English-Speaking World Nigel Copsey 2 Anti-Fascism in Brazil During the Interwar Period: International Repercussions, National Expressions and Transnational Networks Between Europe and the Americas João Fábio Bertonha 3 'Con Saludos Comunistas': The Caribbean Bureau of the Comintern, Anti-Imperialist Radical Networks, and the Foundations for an Anti-Fascist Culture in the Caribbean Basin, 1927-1935 Sandra Pujals 4 Anti-Fascism in South Africa 1933-1945, and its Legacies Jonathan Hyslop 5 "Make Scandinavia a Bulwark against Fascism!" Hitler's Seizure of Power and the Transnational Anti-Fascist Movement in the Nordic Countries Kasper Braskén 6 Anti-Fascism and Anti-Imperialism Between the World Wars: The Perspective from India Michele L. Louro 7 No Place for Neutrality: The Case for Democracy and the League against Nazism And Fascism in Syria And Lebanon Sana Tannoury-Karam Part II Transnational Lives, Radical Internationalism 8 Anti-Fascism, Anti-Colonialism and the Contested Spaces of Maritime Organising David Featherstone 9 Transnational Anarchism against Fascisms: Subaltern Geopolitics and Spaces of Exile in Camillo Berneri's Work Federico Ferretti 10 "Aid the Victims of German Fascism!" Transatlantic Networks and The Rise of Anti-Nazism in the USA, 1933-1935 Kasper Braskén 11 Addis Ababa, Rio De Janeiro And Moscow 1935: The Double Failure of Comintern Anti-Fascism and Anti-Colonialism Bernhard H. Bayerlein 12 'World Capital of Anti-Fascism'? The Making -- and Breaking -- of a Global Left in Spain, 1936-1939 Hugo García 13 African American Internationalism and Anti-Fascism Cathy Bergin 14 'A Great Example of International Solidarity': Cuban Medical Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War Ariel Mae Lambe.

Anti-fascist discourses, practices and confrontations in 1930s Iceland / Ragnheidur Kristjándóttir and Pontus Järvstad -- Finnish liberals and anti-fascism, 1922-1932 / Jenni Karimäki -- An anti-fascist minority? Swedish-speaking Finnish responses to fascism / Matias Kaihovirta and Mats Wickström -- Conservative fascist sympathies and anti-fascism in 1930s Norway / Knut Dørum -- Three arrows against the swastika: militant social democracy and the radical opposition to fascism in Denmark, 1932-1934 / Charlie E. Krautwald -- Social democratic youth and anti-fascism in Sweden, 1929-1939 / Johan A. Lundin -- 'Boycott the Nazi flag': the anti-fascism of the International of Seamen and Harbour workers / Holger Weiss -- Anti-fascist race biology: Gunnar Dahlberg and the long farewell to the Nordic 'master race' / Martin Ericsson -- Finnish socialist intellectuals on fascism and anti-fascism in the 1930s / Tauno Saarela -- Intellectuals ready to fight: anti-fascist cultural fronts in Scandanavia, 1935-1939 / Ole Martin Rønning -- Fighting for peace: the Workers' stage, popular front and Spanish aid in 1930s Finland / Mikko-Olavi Seppälä -- The last 'Münzenberg empire': the transnational networks of Die Zukunft in the Nordic Countries, 1938-1940 / Bernhard H. Bayerlein -- Framing anti-fascism in the Cold War: the Socialist Youth International and Franco's regime after the Second World War / Anders Dalsager -- Radical-right movement and countermovement in Denmark, 1985-present / Flemming Mikkelsen -- Challenging fascist spatial claims: the struggle over the 30 November marches in southern Sweden / Andrés Brink Pinto and Johan Pries.

It is one of the great ironies of the history of fascism that, despite their fascination with ultra-nationalism, its adherents understood themselves as members of a transnational political movement. While a true "Fascist International" has never been established, European fascists shared common goals and sentiments as well as similar worldviews. They also drew on each other for support and motivation, even though relations among them were not free from misunderstandings and conflicts. Through a series of fascinating case studies, this expansive collection examines fascism's transnational dimension, from the movements inspired by the early example of Fascist Italy to the international antifascist organizations that emerged in subsequent years