The fiscal federalism theory was developed to explain budget formation in independent states. At present, this theory is often applied to supranational institutions like the European Union (hereinafter EU), without paying enough attention to the unique characteristics of this level of analysis. This article identifies which assumptions of the classical fiscal federalism theory cannot be applied to the supranational level. This paper answers the question of whether changes in the EU budget of 2014 were in line with the normative principles of the fiscal federalism. Recommendations to the policy makers how the EU budget could be improved are presented in the conclusions. Meanwhile, funding for the remaining three areas consists of ~40.6% of the EU budget. On this basis, we cannot say that the first of the EU budgets in the new multiannual financial framework is more in line with the principles of the fiscal federalism than the previous financial framework's first budget. Adapted from the source document.
Straipsnyje analizuojama Lietuvos valstybiniu ir savivaldybiu svietimo istaigu (isskyrus aukstuju mokyklu) vadovu kaita ir politizacija 2001-2013 metais Vilniaus miesto ir rajono savivaldybese bei 2011 metu svietimo istaigu vadovu atrankos reforma. Nustatyta, jog politizuotu vadovu skaicius Vilniaus miesto ir rajono savivaldybese 2001-2013 metais buvo 43 % (siuo metu yra 39 %), o pagal naujaja atrankos tvarka paskirtu vadovu - 50 %. Svietimo istaigu vadovu politizacijos laipsnis kelia susirupinima, nes jis yra didesnis nei kitu Lietuvos viesojo sektoriaus organizaciju (agenturu ir valsty-bes valdomu imoniu) vadovu, o 2011 metais vadovu atrankos reforma, priesingai nei tiketasi, neturejo reiksmingos itakos mazinant politizacijos masta. Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti, kokie veiksniai skatina skirtingas veikeju elgesio strategijas (,,is virsaus zemyn' arba ,,is apacios aukstyn' politizacija) ir daro itaka politizacijos mastui. Politizacijos masta geriau paaiskina ne vadovu atrankos sistemos veiksniai, o partines sistemos stabilumas (meru kaita) ir partiju prioritetai. Nuo pastaruju dvieju veiksniu taip pat priklauso, dazniau ar reciau yra politizuojama ,,is virsaus zemyn'. Vilniaus mieste dazniausiai politizuojama ,,is apacios aukstyn', Vilniaus rajone ,,is apacios aukstyn' ir ,,is virsaus zemyn' politizuojama vienodai daznai This research analyses the change and politicisation of educational management in Lithuania in 2001-2013, as well as the impact of reforming the educational managers' recruitment procedures on the scope of politicisation. According to the data analysis, 43% of managers in Vilnius city and Vilnius district were politicised during the period between 2001 and 2013. The politicisation level is even higher (50%) among the managers who were selected through the new recruitment procedures. The aim of this research is to identify factors that stimulate different behavioural strategies ('top-down' and the 'bottom-up' politicisation) and affect the actual level of politicisation. The results of this research show that the level of politicisation is better explained not by the factor of organisational structure (personnel management autonomy), but by the factors of party system (change of mayors) and party priorities. A very stable, uncompetitive party system as well as prioritising a particular public policy area increases the level of politicisation and the frequency of exercising a 'top-down' politicisation strategy. While a 'bottom-up' politicisation strategy dominates in Vilnius city, 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' strategies are equally popular in Vilnius district. Adapted from the source document.
