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Marceli Kosman, O kresach w historii i legendzie. Studia i szkice z dziejów polskiej granicy wschodniej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe WNPiD UAM, Poznań 2011, ss. 192.

The idea of European unity is a political challenge that has been addressed in various forms since the states started forming in the vicinities of the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. In the course of history European integration has evolved to face the challenges of a) merging, crossing and diffusion of cultural patterns represented by different local, regional and supra-regional communities; b) the submission or conquests of regions by empires and imposing defined patterns of cultural life on them; c) the reinforcement of the continental identity vis à vis other civilizations, in particular Asiatic ones; d) the guarantee of safety for states and nations as well as the promotion of the ideas of liberty, the rule of law, self-governance and democracy. In creating the spiritual unity of Europe, the repertoire of values developed by the cultural life of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Judeo-Christian communities, is commonly referred to. European identity is characterized by a division into cultural and political identification. The idea of European unity is both an intellectual, and a theoretical-doctrinal concept, oriented at the broadest range of cultural and civilizational integration of the continent, as well as a concrete political and economic undertaking. At present, particular significance is attached to the attitude of public opinion when implementing it. The Union's integration is an aspect of numerous implementation projects which depends on the support and legitimization of public opinion.

This paper indicates that the development or decline in the activity of the Polish diaspora to a large extent depends on how active its leaders are. It shows that the cultural and civilizational reality generates a model of a leader – a participatory individual that solves both his own problems and the problems of his community. In the new civilizational reality, education and professional qualifications are becoming the basic criterion in social stratification and one's position in the system of socio-political governance. The picture of the Polish diaspora shows that its leaders are usually individuals with strong personalities; psychological features are of primary importance in individuals functioning in public life, including the complexities of life in a diaspora. At present, there are two typical models of leadership in the Polish diaspora. One points to the representatives of the 'old' immigration, aiming to cultivate the traditional forms of life among Polish émigrés. The other one represents the latest wave of émigrés, who support the implementation of the values of the global civil society, where national and cultural diversity plays a significant role. In conclusion, it is noted that an important element that generates leadership among Polish émigrés is constituted by traditional political culture, including such mythicized elements as Catholicism, anarchy, democratic ideas and the cult of modernity.

The idea of European unity is a political challenge that has been addressed in various forms since the states started forming in the vicinities of the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. In the course of history European integration has evolved to face the challenges of a) merging, crossing and diffusion of cultural patterns represented by different local, regional and supra-regional communities; b) the submission or conquests of regions by empires and imposing defined patterns of cultural life on them; c) the reinforcement of the continental identity vis à vis other civilizations, in particular Asiatic ones; d) the guarantee of safety for states and nations as well as the promotion of the ideas of liberty, the rule of law, self-governance and democracy. In creating the spiritual unity of Europe, the repertoire of values developed by the cultural life of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Judeo-Christian communities, is commonly referred to. European identity is characterized by a division into cultural and political identification. The idea of European unity is both an intellectual, and a theoretical-doctrinal concept, oriented at the broadest range of cultural and civilizational integration of the continent, as well as a concrete political and economic undertaking. At present, particular significance is attached to the attitude of public opinion when implementing it. The Union's integration is an aspect of numerous implementation projects which depends on the support and legitimization of public opinion. ; The idea of European unity is a political challenge that has been addressed in various forms since the states started forming in the vicinities of the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. In the course of history European integration has evolved to face the challenges of a) merging, crossing and diffusion of cultural patterns represented by different local, regional and supra- regional communities; b) the submission or conquests of regions by empires and imposing defined patterns of cultural life on them; c) the reinforcement of the continental identity vis à vis other civilizations, in particular Asiatic ones; d) the guarantee of safety for states and nations as well as the promotion of the ideas of liberty, the rule of law, self-governance and democracy. In creating the spiritual unity of Europe, the repertoire of values developed by the cultural life of ancient Greece and Rome, as well as Judeo-Christian communities, is commonly referred to. European identity is characterized by a division into cultural and political identification. The idea of European unity is both an intellectual, and a theoretical-doctrinal concept, oriented at the broadest range of cultural and civilizational integration of the continent, as well as a concrete political and economic undertaking. At present, particular significance is attached to the attitude of public opinion when implementing it. The Union's integration is an aspect of numerous implementation projects which depends on the support and legitimization of public opinion.

In the text, it is indicated that knowledge of gender equality and of roles performed in various cultural and civilizational realities consist of various myths and stereotypes. Cultural and civilizational activity of women is determined by the institutional level of public sphere entities (such as the church, schools, state authorities, political parties, social organizations). In most cultural environments, women are situated in the background in paternalistic environment. Profeministic declarations (starting from 19th century till nowadays) do not change the situation of women. The forces that change gender inequality are following: the development of human rights and the ongoing process of globalization.

Abstract
The study indicates that contemporary migration movements of the population in Europe are typical of the cultural and civilizational development of the world. Their main cause involves the problem of meeting needs, especially in terms of money and living. The institutions of the European Union, which stress the guarantee of the rights of a human and a citizen, attach significant importance to them. The location of immigrants is different in various European countries. The experience of the past plays an important role in this respect (migration tradition of states and nations). In terms of the recognition of the principle of the EU that European unity is formed by its cultural diversity, migrants (immigrants and emigrants) are subject to the general processes of cultural and civilizational transformation.

W opracowaniu wskazuje się, Szwecja od czasu II wojny światowej jest państwem przychylnym napływowi imigrantów. Wypracowano w niej politykę imigracyjną, która ujawnia otwartość na zmiany w rzeczywistości poszerzania się ruchów migracyjnych ludności świata. Ważną przyczyną napływu migrantów do Szwecji było sytuowanie się jej w środowisku międzynarodowym jako "państwa dobrobytu". W życiu imigracyjnym Szwecji wyraźnie zaznaczyli swą obecność Polacy. W latach 60. i 70. XX w. ujawniła się tam imigracja Polek zwana matrymonialną. Oblicze imigracji w Szwecji zmienia się współcześnie pod wpływem procesów globalizacyjnych generowanych przez postęp naukowo-techniczny, międzynarodowe rozwiązania prawne (prawa człowieka), nowoczesną edukację zorientowaną na budzenie świadomości przemian cywilizacyjnych.

It is indicated in the lecture that science, as human activity that aims at the objective recognition of a person and his universe, is nowadays perceived as a fundamental power that generates the cultural and civilizational nature of mankind and the world around it. The widening horizon of cultural life has been changing and still changes the scientific and research challenges, including the way, in which science is defined. At present, scientific and technological progress, legal solutions, educational requirements, constantly generate new challenges for science and make it a productive force. The role of social and political sciences that until recently strived to make their ways to achieve the title of science that is a methodologically structured knowledge about human, society and the world, has been changing.At present, the place of social and political reality in the sphere of scientific cognition is perceived as dichotomous – on the one hand, due to the methodology of researches, including attempts to compare them with exact sciences, their scientific separateness is assessed critically; however, on the other hand, taking into account the worked out methods and ways of defining cultural and civilizational reality, explantation of occurrences, processes, humanistic and social values, they are set in the classical science studies, as a whole.

It is indicated in the lecture that higher education (universities) is one of the fundamentalentities that change the image of cultural and civilizational life. Nowadays, its existence in Poland is based on the European Union projects, including rules of so called the Bologna process. Changes in theimage and development of the Polish academicism that have been taking place, became subject of deep criticism made by scientific communities, as well as broad publicopinion. In the process of these changes a clash between traditional values and information society creation was revealed. A particularly critical attitude towards the present development of academicism at the University is presented by representatives of humanities and social sciences.