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RESUMENEl artículo explora brevemente la situación descrita precisamente como una dualidad y no como una refutación mutua entre las doctrinas de razón de Estado y seguridad nacional, por un lado, y los controles constitucionales y la diplomacia por el otro. Los casos abordados de Estados Unidos y la Federación Rusa dejan ver que tales recursos no ofrecen allí una resistencia irreconciliable sino que se explican mejor por su particular historia constitucional y diplomática, de tal manera que la lógica propia de su trayectoria les permite recurrir a ellas en sus relaciones internacionales como herramientas disponibles para el despliegue de sus halcones o palomas según lo amerite el caso, considerando indiferentemente que deben tener ambos a su disposición.ABSTRACTThe article briefly explores the situation described precisely as a duality and not as a mutual refutation between the doctrines of State Reason and national security, on the one hand, and constitutional controls and diplomacy on the other. The cases addressed by the United States and the Russian Federation show that such resources do not offer irreconcilable resistance but are better explained by their particular constitutional and diplomatic history, so that the logic of their trajectory allows them to resort their international relations as tools available for the deployment of their hawks or pigeons as the case warrants, regardless of whether they should have both at their disposal.

This research relates bioethics and biopower from the pedagogical-dialogic ethics of Professor Álvaro Márquez-Fernández. It is tested in this sense, based on phenomenological hermeneutics, the conception of biopower as a domain of corporality, connecting it with Marquesian ideas about the hegemonic control of power. It is concluded that the central issue of the problem posed is the use of a domain pedagogy aimed at controlling the devices created to ensure the perpetuation of hegemonic power. Consequently, the idea of a monovalent democracy is questioned, which contradicts the very concept of ethical, pluralistic and utopian democracy of Márquez-Fernández, an issue considered in his own pedagogical ethics. ; Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana publica bajo licencia Creative Commons Atribución-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Más información en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

This research relates bioethics and biopower from the pedagogical-dialogic ethics of Professor Álvaro Márquez-Fernández. It is tested in this sense, based on phenomenological hermeneutics, the conception of biopower as a domain of corporality, connecting it with Marquesian ideas about the hegemonic control of power. It is concluded that the central issue of the problem posed is the use of a domain pedagogy aimed at controlling the devices created to ensure the perpetuation of hegemonic power. Consequently, the idea of a monovalent democracy is questioned, which contradicts the very concept of ethical, pluralistic and utopian democracy of Márquez-Fernández, an issue considered in his own pedagogical ethics. ; El trabajo relaciona bioética y biopoder desde la ética pedagógica-dialógica del maestro Álvaro Márquez-Fernández. Se ensaya en este sentido, a partir de la hermenéutica dialógica, la concepción del biopoder como dominio de la corporalidad, conectándola con las ideas marquezianas acerca del control hegemónico del poder. Se concluye que la cuestión central del problema planteado es la del empleo de una pedagogía del dominio encaminada al control de los dispositivos creados para asegurar la perpetuación del poder hegemónico. Se cuestiona en consecuencia la idea de una democracia monovalente, lo que contradice el concepto mismo de democracia ética, pluralista y utópica de Márquez-Fernández, asunto considerado en su propia ética pedagógica.

RESUMEN El trabajo relaciona bioética y biopoder desde la ética pedagógica-dialógica del maestro Álvaro Márquez-Fernández. Se ensaya en este sentido, a partir de la hermenéutica dialógica, la concepción del biopoder como dominio de la corporalidad, conectándola con las ideas marquezianas acerca del control hegemónico del poder. Se concluye que la cuestión central del problema planteado es la del empleo de una pedagogía del dominio encaminada al control de los dispositivos creados para asegurar la perpetuación del poder hegemónico. Se cuestiona en consecuencia la idea de una democracia monovalente, lo que contradice el concepto mismo de democracia ética, pluralista y utópica de Márquez-Fernández, asunto considerado en su propia ética pedagógica. ABSTRACT This research relates bioethics and biopower from the pedagogical-dialogic ethics of Professor Álvaro Márquez-Fernández. It is tested in this sense, based on phenomenological hermeneutics, the conception of biopower as a domain of corporality, connecting it with Marquesian ideas about the hegemonic control of power. It is concluded that the central issue of the problem posed is the use of a domain pedagogy aimed at controlling the devices created to ensure the perpetuation of hegemonic power. Consequently, the idea of a monovalent democracy is questioned, which contradicts the very concept of ethical, pluralistic and utopian democracy of Márquez-Fernández, an issue considered in his own pedagogical ethics.

This study's main purpose was to analyze reasons for dropout in competitive swimmers and differences between gender and age groups. The influence of dropout on swimmers intentions to return to competition, invariance across gender and validation of Questionnaire of Reasons for Attrition were also analyzed. Study 1 - 366 athletes participated (N.=366; mean age 15.96, SD 5.99) and the data gathered was used for the exploratory analysis, and data gathered on 1008 athletes were used for the confirmatory analysis and the structural equations (N.=1008; mean age 16.26, SD 6.12); Study 2: 1008 athletes participated (N.=1008; mean age 16.26, SD 6.12) on the descriptive and inferential analysis of the reasons behind the practice dropout. The Questionnaire of Reasons Attrition was used in both studies to assess the reasons associated with the practice dropout. In study 1, the results showed an acceptable fit of the measurement model and invariance across gender and also predictive validity regarding swimmers intentions to return to competition (e.g., "demands/pressure" negatively predict intentions). In study 2, the main results showed that the most significant reason for dropout in both genders and all age groups was "dissatisfaction/other priorities"; the study also showed there to be differences between gender and age groups (e.g., female and younger athletes valued "demands/ pressure "more). This study offers useful guidelines for the training process and to support decisions on sports politics to be implemented to overcome the dropout rate. However, it is important to broaden the evidence to other sports and implement programs on identified priority areas based on longitudinal perspectives. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is amongst motivational frameworks the most popular and contemporary approach to human motivation, being applied in the last decades in several domains, including sport, exercise and physical education (PE). Additionally, Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) has presented evidence of how contextual factors may influence student's behavior in this particular context. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the motivational climate created by the teacher in the classroom, students' satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs (BPN), and how their behavioral regulation could explain PE grades and intention to practice sports in the future. ; Funding: This project was supported by the National Funds through FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/ DTP/04045/2013) – and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) allocated by European Union through the COMPETE 2020 Programme (POCI-01-0145FEDER-006969) – Competitiveness and Internationalization (POCI). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is today the biggest public health challenge in the world (Park, 2020). The first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on December 8, 2019, in Hubei province, China. From that day, in just over 3 months, the virus has spread to more than 177 countries/areas/territories around the world, with more than 266,073 confirmed cases and 11,184 deaths, according to WHO on March 21, 2020 (WHO, 2020). The most common clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are mild flu-like illness, potentially lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome, or fulminant pneumonia. As a result, numerous countries have decided to implement (some by government decrees, as well as martial laws) the establishment of mandatory social distance in a family environment, closing non-essential commercial environments, in an attempt to reduce the peak of the infection curve (Lewnard and Lo, 2020). We know that a large part of the world population is far from the minimum conditions of physical exercise recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) to improve the health component (Katzmarzyk et al., 2019). This fact would give important relevance to the level of physical activity exercised by the population throughout the day.However, once the extreme hypokinetic behavior is implemented as a result of the quarantine, a cycle of perverse events begins, making part of the population more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of acute and chronic diseases, including respiratory tract infections (Hall et al., 2020). In a recent position paper presented by Chen et al. (2020), the authors try to propose to the general population to continue exercising regardless of the current moment the world is living. In fact, as the authors mention, based on other researchers, "anything is better than nothing," and the sedentary lifestyle is something that should not be encouraged, i.e., any energy expenditure added to the routine of these people would be significant. Recommendations for the population to keep regularly active highlight only a minimum applicable technical basis, without presenting any suitable parameters for carrying them out. From the initial positioning of Chen et al. (2020), the ACSM via publication on the website of the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (ACSM, 2020; WHO, 2020), as well as other institutions (ACSM, 2020; WHO, 2020), expanded the proposal about the practice of physical exercise to be performed at home. Tasks such as brisk walking, up and down stairs, dance, jump rope, yoga exercises, and bodyweight strength training are also recommended for indoor workout (Table 1). ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion