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The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia is attacking not only public health but also the economy. The presence of Covid-19 has many important impacts on developed countries. There are at least four industries most impacted by this pandemic, including households, MSMEs, companies and the financial industry. However, the halal industry is believed to be more resilient to the Covid-19 pandemic. This durability is because of the principles attributed to the halal sector, namely the importance of fairness, balance and openness. The author's goal is therefore to carry out more in-depth research on the role of the halal industry in supporting the national economy, which is under pressure because of the COVID-19 pandemic. This type of study is a literature review with a material analysis approach that explores the conditions of the halal industry in Indonesia in depth. The material received is as books, published information, and online news. The findings of this study reveal that there are three halal business sectors that are believed to be more vulnerable to the Covid-19 pandemic in order to facilitate national economic recovery. Halal finance, halal food and halal fashion industries are among them. Halal finance from both the banking sector and the Islamic stock market has proved to be more robust than the mainstream financial sector. Besides guaranteed halal food, its wellbeing is also guaranteed, and halal fashion is now on the rise as Muslim fashion is increasingly innovative and global. We believe the three of them to have experienced vigorous growth, and also to continue to draw customers. And also after the Covid-19 pandemic, these three sectors could survive. Thus the halal industry also contributes to Indonesian economy.

Moslem concider Hadith and Sunnah are the main sources of Islamic teachings which serve as explanations for the verses of the Qur'an. But Orientalists such as Ignaz Goldziher has different oppinion, distinguishing between hadith and sunnah. According to him the sunnah is seen as a revision of the customs that occurred even though it did not strengthen the overall meaning. While the hadith according to him is the result of the development of Islam in the fields of religion, politics, and sociology in the period of two centuries, namely the first and second centuries. Hadith is not an Islamic document in the early days of its growth but it is the product of letter generations, after the die Prophet Muhammad SAW. In addition, the hadith is also one product generated from the effects of Islamic power that occurred at its glory.

This study seeks to make a deep systematic analysis of the involvement of the community as an additional implementing element in the implementation of public health policy, especially in the field of mother and child in West Java, Indonesia. This descriptive-qualitative study presents a discussion of how the elements of public health practitioners interact with communities in West Java Province so that their knowledge and skills are needed. With the theory of health services, data obtained that (a) service and network cooperation in public health institutions, within the Provincial Government of West Java is quite uniform and well implemented; (b) in carrying out its obligations as the implementing element of the community deeply understand public policy in the field of public health, especially maternal and child health; so they can carry out their functions to serve the community. Nevertheless, the lack of community volunteers directly addressing maternal and child health is felt so that this review recommends incentives for health workers coming from ordinary people.

The commitment in building Indonesia as a prosperous country gives consequence to the role of government in prospering the community. It is conducted by empowering the programs having potency of financial sources for developing this state. Beside the tax as the financial source of state development, the government enforces the policy of zakat management. The policy is the act number 23 in 2011 concerning zakat management in which the fund derives from the national / regional budget. In this case, the national or regional zakat council manages the zakat management. It is expected, it can help the process of state development and be a media in improving the social welfare as one of the government's roles

The commitment in building Indonesia as a prosperous country gives consequence to the role of government in prospering the community. It is conducted by empowering the programs having potency of financial sources for developing this state. Beside the tax as the financial source of state development, the government enforces the policy of zakat management. The policy is the act number 23 in 2011 concerning zakat management in which the fund derives from the national / regional budget. In this case, the national or regional zakat council manages the zakat management. It is expected, it can help the process of state development and be a media in improving the social welfare as one of the government's roles

Da'wah of social empowerment is the real action in order to make the improvements. Historically, da'wah in the form of social empowerment based on mosque has been portrayed by the Prophet in the Nabawi Mosque Madinah. Muhammad saw. has successfully repaired and changed the conditions of the Medina people into a new powerfull society. Forms of empowerment included empowering spiritual aspect, social (of unity and equality), education, economics, politics and defense. The steps in empowerment, was to grow and to build the spiritual potential of Tawheed communities, providing access to (social institutions) building a mosque, made peace agreement with the various parties, established markets around the mosque, formed and trained defense forces, and togetherness.Dakwah pemberdayaan masyarakar merupakan gerakan dakwah yang bersifat tindakan nyata, guna mewujudkan perubahan. Secara historis, dakwah dalam bentuk pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis masjid telah diperankan oleh Rasulullah saw. di Masjid Nabawi Madinah. Nabi telah mampu memperbaiki dan mengubah kondisi masyarakat Madinah dan sekitarnya menjadi sebuah masyarakat baru yang maju dari semua sisi. Bentuk pemberdayaan yang dilakukan meliputi pemberdayaan dalam aspek spiritual, aspek sosial (persatuan dan kesetaraan), pendidikan, ekonomi, politik dan pertahanan. Adapun langkah yang ditempuh dalam melakukan pemberdayaan, adalah menumbuhkan dan mem­bangun potensi spiritual Tauhid masyarakat, menyediakan akses (pra­nata sosial) dengan: membangun masjid, membuat perjanjian damai dengan berbagai pihak, mendirikan pasar di sekitar masjid, membentuk dan melatih pasukan pertahanan, dan kebersamaan.

Foreword : what was the plan? And what was it meant to do? / Don Kalb -- I. Primitive socialist accumulation in Cluj -- 1. Productive state apparatuses : taking over the factories, 1944-1948 -- 2. 'More precious than gold' : labour instability and the 'stickiness' of everyday life -- 3. 'Workers', 'proletarians' and the struggle for cheap labour -- II. Time and accumulation on the shop floor -- 4. 'Hidden reserves of productivity' and the quest for knowledge --5. Productive flows and factory discipline -- 6. Planned heroism and nonsynchronicity on the shop floor -- Epilogue : really existing socialism as nonsynchronicity.

AbstractDrawing on the Romanian case, this article argues against looking at state socialist regimes through the lens of exceptionalism, and assesses the merits of analysing them from the perspective of primitive accumulation. Integrating socialist projects into a longer history of modernization, capital formation, and struggles over labour and land allows me to develop a four-step argument about primitive socialist accumulation in Romania. First, I argue that, in Romania, peasant dispossession had underpinned capital formation for roughly 150 years before the communist takeover. Second, these mechanisms of primitive accumulation constituted crucial matrices for class formation that were irreducible to ideal-typical processes of proletarianization. Third, the articulation between peasant dispossession and strategies of keeping labour cheap was state-led, mandated, or protected, and stood at the core of all modernization projects for the whole period under discussion. And fourth, seen through these lenses, the communist collectivization and nationalization in the 1950s appears as one instance, among others, in a longue-durée history of primitive accumulation in the region.

Abstract This article investigates the recent attempts to integrate Eastern Europe in global labour history as a unique opportunity to formulate an intellectual agenda that would place the region on the global map, but on its own analytical terms. Based on two interconnected research projects on industrial labour in socialist Romania, it argues that these integration efforts have to start with a systematic endeavour to bring labour history and the history of capital formation in the region together. The endeavour of articulating a truly global labour history from a specifically Eastern European angle requires us to reconsider the scale(s) at which we construct our narratives, moving away from an epistemological perspective that favours eventful fractures and towards a processual analysis of labour in the region. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 792833. The article reflects only the author's view; the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

This thesis studies the determinants of spatial variation and persistence of economic activity. The first chapter assesses the impact of the construction of the Interstate Highway System on the skill composition of metropolitan areas in the USA. Reduced-form estimates indicate that each additional highway caused an increase in the share of college-educated residents of 0.6 percentage points. Using a quantitative spatial model, the chapter also measures the welfare effects associated with a hypothetical removal of the interstate network. The effects are large for all skill groups. Graduates would nonetheless experience bigger losses in terms of welfare as they are more likely to relocate and incur the higher migration costs.The second chapter documents high persistence of regional development in England and Wales over the last 800 years. Using data on the establishment of medieval markets, the study highlights a strong correlation between commercial activity and agricultural productivity in the late Middle Ages. Places with successful medieval markets remain better developed nowadays. The evidence suggests that path dependence is the most likely explanation for the persistence of development over many centuries. The third chapter studies the relationship between asylum policies and international tensions. The main hypothesis is that European Union member states are more likely to admit refugees from states perceived as rivals rather than partners. Data on asylum applications from 1999 to 2017 bear this out. This result can rationalize a negative and robust correlation between asylum recognition rates and EU imports from the rest of the world. ; Cette thèse étudie les déterminants de la variation spatiale et de la persistance de l'activité économique. Le premier chapitre évalue l'impact du Système d'Autoroutes Inter-États sur la composition des zones métropolitaines aux États-Unis. Les estimations indiquent que chaque autoroute a entraîné une augmentation de 0,6 point de pourcentage de la part des résidents hautement qualifiés d'une ville. En utilisant un modèle spatial quantitatif, le chapitre mesure également les effets sur le bien-être associés à une suppression hypothétique des autoroutes. Les effets sont significatifs pour toutes les catégories de travailleurs. Les pertes sont néanmoins plus importantes pour les travailleurs qualifiés, vu qu'ils sont plus mobiles et paient les coûts de migration plus souvent.Le deuxième chapitre montre une forte persistance du développement en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles au cours des 800 dernières années. En utilisant des données sur l'établissement des marchés médiévaux, l'étude met en évidence une forte corrélation entre l'activité commerciale et la productivité agricole au Moyen Âge. Les régions avec des marchés prospères sont mieux développées aujourd'hui. Les résultats suggèrent que la dépendance au sentier en est l'explication la plus probable. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation entre les politiques d'asile et les tensions internationales. L'hypothèse est que les pays de l'Union européenne acceptent davantage de réfugiés provenant d'États perçus comme des rivaux. Des données sur les demandes d'asile de 1999 à 2017 le confirment. Cela pourrait expliquer une corrélation négative entre les politiques d'asile et les importations de l'UE.

This thesis studies the determinants of spatial variation and persistence of economic activity. The first chapter assesses the impact of the construction of the Interstate Highway System on the skill composition of metropolitan areas in the USA. Reduced-form estimates indicate that each additional highway caused an increase in the share of college-educated residents of 0.6 percentage points. Using a quantitative spatial model, the chapter also measures the welfare effects associated with a hypothetical removal of the interstate network. The effects are large for all skill groups. Graduates would nonetheless experience bigger losses in terms of welfare as they are more likely to relocate and incur the higher migration costs.The second chapter documents high persistence of regional development in England and Wales over the last 800 years. Using data on the establishment of medieval markets, the study highlights a strong correlation between commercial activity and agricultural productivity in the late Middle Ages. Places with successful medieval markets remain better developed nowadays. The evidence suggests that path dependence is the most likely explanation for the persistence of development over many centuries. The third chapter studies the relationship between asylum policies and international tensions. The main hypothesis is that European Union member states are more likely to admit refugees from states perceived as rivals rather than partners. Data on asylum applications from 1999 to 2017 bear this out. This result can rationalize a negative and robust correlation between asylum recognition rates and EU imports from the rest of the world. ; Cette thèse étudie les déterminants de la variation spatiale et de la persistance de l'activité économique. Le premier chapitre évalue l'impact du Système d'Autoroutes Inter-États sur la composition des zones métropolitaines aux États-Unis. Les estimations indiquent que chaque autoroute a entraîné une augmentation de 0,6 point de pourcentage de la part des résidents ...