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Spanning the last years of Fernando I's reign to the Anglo-Castilian agreement (1388) which concluded the Iberian period of the Hundred Years War, this article provides an in depth analysis of the role of the Portuguese clergy during the initial years of the Western Schism. Based on (Portuguese and non Portuguese) official chronicles, combined with documents from the royal Portuguese and Papal chanceries, the paper tackles the subject by taking a critical approach to the official historiographical interpretation and by considering the final decisions taken by the Crown. All the protagonists of the Portuguese Church are identified and classified by social category. The actions of the high ecclesiastical echelons, of the secular and regular clergy, and of the military orders are studied, as well as the political support (or opposition) they received. ; Questo saggio analizza i comportamenti del clero portoghese nel periodo compreso fra l'inizio dello Scisma di Occidente, coincidente con gli ultimi anni del regno di Fernando I, e la firma dell'accordo fra Castiglia e Inghilterra, che diede conclusione al periodo iberico della Guerra dei Cent'Anni. Per raggiungere quest'obiettivo si individueranno i protagonisti delle varie categorie sociali, studiando gli atteggiamenti, gli appoggi politici (o i dinieghi) dei membri dell'alto clero, il clero secolare, regolare e gli ordini militari del Portogallo. Il presente studio si fonda sull'analisi delle cronache ufficiali dell'epoca (portoghesi e non), integrandole con documentazione sia della cancelleria regia portoghese sia della cancelleria pontificia. La metodologia include un approccio critico al discorso storiografico ufficiale e alle decisioni finalmente prese dalla Corona.

ITALIANO: Questo saggio analizza i comportamenti del clero portoghese nel periodo compreso fra l'inizio dello Scisma di Occidente, coincidente con gli ultimi anni del regno di Fernando I, e la firma dell'accordo fra Castiglia e Inghilterra, che diede conclusione al periodo iberico della Guerra dei Cent'Anni. Per raggiungere quest'obiettivo si individueranno i protagonisti delle varie categorie sociali, studiando gli atteggiamenti, gli appoggi politici (o i dinieghi) dei membri dell'alto clero, il clero secolare, regolare e gli ordini militari del Portogallo. Il presente studio si fonda sull'analisi delle cronache ufficiali dell'epoca (portoghesi e non), integrandole con documentazione sia della cancelleria regia portoghese sia della cancelleria pontificia. La metodologia include un approccio critico al discorso storiografico ufficiale e alle decisioni finalmente prese dalla Corona. / ENGLISH: Spanning the last years of Fernando I's reign to the Anglo-Castilian agreement (1388) which concluded the Iberian period of the Hundred Years War, this article provides an in depth analysis of the role of the Portuguese clergy during the initial years of the Western Schism. Based on (Portuguese and non Portuguese) official chronicles, combined with documents from the royal Portuguese and Papal chanceries, the paper tackles the subject by taking a critical approach to the official historiographical interpretation and by considering the final decisions taken by the Crown. All the protagonists of the Portuguese Church are identified and classified by social category. The actions of the high ecclesiastical echelons, of the secular and regular clergy, and of the military orders are studied, as well as the political support (or opposition) they received.

The aim of this paper is to present an overview on the Portuguese-influenced heritage in the African Portuguese-spoken countries (Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique). Special attention will be paid to religious (churches, chapels and convents) and military (fortresses and forts) buildings. Chronologically, the paper will cover from the first settlements at the end of XVth century to the end of XVIIth century. ; Se plantea en este artículo un recorrido por el patrimonio de matriz portuguesa relativo a construcciones religiosas (iglesias, capillas y conventos) y militares (fortalezas y fuertes), presente en los actuales países africanos de habla portuguesa (Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola y Mozambique). El ámbito cronológico abarca desde los primeros asentamientos de finales del siglo XV hasta finales del siglo XVII.

The purpose of this study is, on the one hand, to shed light on the strictly historical aspects of the subject; to which end it will offer a deeper analysis of the mediaeval texts and documents that help to understand the protagonists of Llullism in this Andalusian mould, within the context in which they lived. On the other hand, from a philosophical point of view, there is need for better knowledge of the ideas that provide the essential structure of this chansonnier, this collection of verse. Indeed it is perhaps here that it may be seen more clearly how Llullian thought is related to a lay philosophical current that favours a reasoned Christianity over other approaches, closer to the ecclesiastical sector, such as the "contemptus mundi", asceticism or the sacerdotal way. ; proyecto "DEGRUPE - A dimensão europeia de um grupo de poder: o clero e a construção política das monarquias ibéricas (XIIIXV)/ The European Dimension of a Group of Power: Ecclesiastics and the political State Building of the Iberian Monarchies (13th-15th centuries)", con referencia FCT: PTDC/EPH-HIS/4964/2012.

El artículo pretende ofrecer un estudio sobre la concepción que tenía Ramon Llull del poder real, entendido como la imagen e idea que se encuentran en sus textos sobre la figura del rey, la realeza y el gobierno del reino en general. Se pondrán de relieve algunas particularidades de la concepción luliana del poder regio y de la organización social y política en cuanto representan una novedad respecto a las corrientes filosóficas imperantes en la época. En una primera parte, se analizarán los principales pasajes de la obra luliana en los que se contempla y habla de la figura del monarca, atribuyéndole unas características y unas funciones específicas. Se acompañará este análisis de una breve mención al concepto mismo de «reino» que tenía Llull, así como de un elenco de los principales problemas a los que tenía que hacer frente un buen monarca, y de la organización que debía tener ese reino. En una segunda parte, se estudiará la influencia que esas ideas han tenido en la literatura a través de los escritores lulistas –conocidos y anónimos-» de la Baja Edad Media europea. Se propone igualmente una clasificación de los libros del beato en función de su contenido más o menos cercano a propuestas de tipo político, así como la difusión que tuvieron estas obras lulianas en base a las copias y traducciones conservadas. ; This article aims to provide a study of Ramon Llull's thoughts on royal power, i. e. images and ideas about the figure of the king, royalty and government of the kingdom in his texts. It will be highlighted some peculiarities of Llull's conception of royal power and the social and political organization of the realm, which is a new proposal compared to prevailing philosophical trends of the time. In the first part, it will be analysed the main relevant pieces of Llull's work about this subject, and also the specific characteristics and functions attributed to the Lullian king. It will be added a brief mention about his concept of «kingdom», as well as a list of the main problems to be faced by the king, and the social organization of his realm (knights, burgers, members of bureaucracy, judges, royal confessor). In the second part, it will be underlined the influence that these ideas have had in literature, that means known and unknown Lullists writers of late medieval Europe. It also will be proposed a classification of his books according to their content's approach on political matter. This explanation will be accompanied by a study about their diffusion based on preserved copies and translations.

National studies have demonstrated their inability to correctly understand global phenomena, and the way in which they affect societies. This chronologically ambitious book investigates methodological and theoretical issues from Roman times to the present, in terms of globalization. In this context, one of the most relevant parameters of change emerges: the itinerancy of culture and knowledge. Therefore, this volume argues that itinerant agents carry with them cultural baggage, transporting and transmitting it to other spaces. In this way, interconnection begins, producing active changes in global history and visual culture. Contributions to this book focus on comparative studies, the evolution of global phenomena, historical processes in their diachrony, regional studies, changing economies, cultural continuities, and methodological questions on globalization, among others. In addition, the book opens with a contribution from Professor Peter Burke.