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Combining architectural design, social and cultural history, this title presents a new understanding of the nature of architectural modernism in inter-war Britain and the ways in which it ultimately gave form to post-war Britain

This paper considers the intersection of Spiritual Motherhood, early childhood education and child welfare in early twentieth‐century Edinburgh. Its focus is St Saviour's Child Garden (SSCG), which opened in the Canongate, in November 1906, part of the Free Kindergarten movement that emerged in Europe and North America in the late nineteenth century. The paper focuses on the SSCG's founder Lileen Hardy, in order to trace the development of this new approach to child welfare and women's work in Britain. It discusses her training at the Sesame House for Home‐Life Training in London, her move to Edinburgh, and the network of predominantly women reformers, whose interests ranged from urban reform to medical welfare, she found there. It shows how this network facilitated the founding of the SSCG and discusses the form it took and Hardy's implementation of a modified form of Froebelian praxis. In so doing its concern is to show how Free Kindergarten forms part of a wider history of social welfare and urban reform as well as to the history of early childhood education, and to move attention away from the men usually associated with innovations in Scottish social reform like Patrick Geddes, and onto a group of women who created a women and child‐centred proto‐Welfare State in pre‐First World War Edinburgh.

Introduction: Making space and re-making history / Elizabeth Darling and Lesley Whitworth -- Gender, citizenship, and the making of the modern environment / Helen Meller -- The Hill sisters : cultural philanthropy and the embellishment of lives in late-nineteenth century England / Anne Anderson and Elizabeth Darling -- "A novelty among exhibitions" : the Loan Exhibition of Women's Industries, Bristol, 1885 / Emma Ferry -- "Everything whispers of wealth and luxury" : observation, emulation, and display in the well-to-do late-Victorian home / Trevor Keeble -- Women rent collectors and the rewriting of class and gender in East London, 1870-1900 / Ruth Livesey -- Gendering the politics of the working woman's home / Karen Hunt -- "The house that is a woman's book come true" : the All-Europe House and four women's spatial practices in inter-war England / Elizabeth Darling -- "Part-time practice as before" : the career of Sadie Speight, architect / Jill Seddon -- Workshops fit for homeworkers : the Women's Co-operative Guild and housing reform in mid-twentieth-century Britain / Gillian Scott -- The Housewives' Committee of the Council of Industrial Design : a brief episode of domestic reconnoitring / Lesley Whitworth

"Suffragette City brings together a collection of illustrated essays dedicated to exploring and analysing cases in which women have resourcefully leveraged or defied the politics of gender to form and reform architecture and urbanism. Throughout much of modern history women have been assigned to the margins and expected to play passive social roles. Suffragette City draws on nineteenth- and twentieth-century architectural case studies from the English-speaking world, including the U.S.A., South Africa, Scotland, India and England, to examine places and moments when women stepped into the centre of public life and claimed opportunities to shape the fabrics of their communities. Their engagements with the built environment consistently transcended architecture to achieve the level of urbanism, as whole networks of relationships came into their purview, transforming the architecture of socio-political connection as well as the confronting the physical divisions that have historically lay along racial, economic, and gendered lines. Academics, researchers and students engaged in architectural history, theory, urbanism, gender studies and social and cultural history will be interested in this fascinating, politically-charged text"--

IntroductionThere are two main data sources for perinatal data in Ontario, Canada: the BORN BIS and CIHI-DAD. Such databases are used for perinatal health surveillance and research, and to guide health care related decisions.
ObjectivesOur primary objective was to examine the level of agreement between the BIS and CIHI-DAD. Our secondary objectives were to identify the differences between the data sources when identifying a low-risk birth (LRB) cohort and to understand their implications.
MethodsWe conducted a population-based cohort study comparing characteristics and clinical outcomes of all linkable births in BIS and CIHI-DAD between 1$^{\rm st}$ April 2012 and 31$^{\rm st}$ March 2018. We excluded out-of-hospital births, those with invalid healthcare numbers, non-Ontario residents and gestational age < 20 weeks. We compared the portion of the cohort that met the criteria of a provincial definition of LRB based on each data source and compared clinical outcomes between the groups.
ResultsDuring the study period, 779,979 eligible births were linkable between the two data sources. After applying the LRB exclusions, there were 129,908 cases in the BIS and 136,184 cases in CIHI-DAD. Most exclusion criteria had almost perfect, substantial or moderate agreement. The agreement for non-cephalic presentation and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (kappa coefficients 0.409 and 0.256, respectively) was fair. Comparison between the two LRB cohorts identified differences in the prevalence of cesarean (14.3% BIS versus 12.0% CIHI-DAD) and NICU admission (8.7% BIS versus 7.5% CIHI-DAD) and only 0.01% difference in the prevalence of ICU admission.
ConclusionsOverall, we found high levels of agreement between the BIS and CIHI-DAD. Identifying a LRB cohort in either database may be appropriate, with the caveat of appropriate understanding of the collection, coding and definition of certain outcomes. The decision for selecting a database may depend on which variables are most important in a particular analysis.

Introduction / Elizabeth Darling & Lynne Walker ; Chapter 1: An irresistible movement / Lynne Walker ; Chapter 2: Becoming truly alive / Elizabeth Darline ; Chapter 3: A collection of scimitar minds / Gillian Darley ; Chapter 4: Beyond the drawing board / Edward Bottoms ; Chapter 5: Why are there so few women architects? / Elain Harwood ; Chapter 6: A transnational assemblage / Rachel Lee ; Chapter 7: The antipodean diaspora, 1920-2000 / Julie Willis & Karen Burns ; Chapter 8: Tributaries, flow and an extraordinary alchemy / Rosa Ainley ; Epilogue: Diagram of relative positions / Helen Thomas ; Appendix

BackgroundThe shifting landscape of abortion care from a hospital-only to a distributed service including primary care has implications for how to identify abortion cohorts for research and surveillance. The objectives of this study were to 1) create an improved approach to define abortion cohorts using linked administrative data sets and 2) evaluate the performance of this approach for abortion surveillance compared with standard approaches.
MethodsWe applied four principles to identify induced abortion cohorts when some services are delivered beyond hospital settings; 1) exclude early pregnancy losses and postpartum procedures; 2) use multiple data sources; 3) define episodes of care; 4) apply a hierarchical algorithm to determine abortion date to a population-based cohort of all abortion events in Ontario (Canada) from January 1, 2018-March 15, 2020. We calculated risk differences (RD, with 95% confidence intervals) comparing the proportion of medication vs. surgical, first vs. second trimester, and complication incidence applying these principles vs. standard approaches.
ResultsHospital-only data (versus multiple data sources) underestimated the frequency of medication abortion (16.1% vs. 31.4%; RD -15.3% [-14.3, -16.3]) and first-trimester abortion (82.1% vs. 94.5%; RD -12.8 [-11.4, 13.4]) and overestimated incidence of abortion complication (2.9% vs. 0.69%; RD 2.2% [1.8, 2.7]). An unlinked (versus linked) approach underestimated the frequency of abortion complications (0.19% vs 0.69%, -RD 0.50% [-0.44 - -0.56]). Including (versus excluding) abortions following early pregnancy loss or delivery events increased the estimated incidence of abortion complications (1.29% vs. 0.69%, RD 0.60% [0.51-0.69].
ConclusionNew methods are required to accurately identify abortion cohorts for surveillance or research. When legal or regulatory approaches to medication abortion evolve to enable abortion in primary care or office-based settings, hospital-based surveillance systems will become incomplete and biased; to continue valid and complete abortion surveillance, methods must be adjusted to ensure complete capture of procedures across all settings.

This original and innovative book opens up new perspectives in health policy debate, examining the emerging international trends in the governance of health professions and the significance of national contexts for the changing health workforce. In bringing together research from a wide range of continental European countries as well as the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia, the contributors highlight different arenas of governance, as well as the various players involved in the policy process. They expand the public debate on professional governance - hitherto mainly limited to medical self-regulation - to encompass a broad span of health care providers, from nurses and midwives to alternative therapists and health support workers. The book provides new data and geopolitical perspectives in the debate over how to govern health care. It helps to better understand both the enabling conditions for, and the barriers to, making professionals more accountable to the interests of a changing public. This book will be a valuable resource for students at an undergraduate and postgraduate level, particularly for health programmes, sociology of professions and comparative health policy, but also for academics, researchers and managers working in health care.

In the late 1960s, the feminist scholar Kate Millet broadly defined »politics« as arrangements of power which enable individuals collectively to assert authority over others. Taking this definition, case studies by scholars from Europe and Israel explore the gendered professional in the 20th century as she navigated arrangements of power-including organised religion, emancipation movements, cultural norms, and shifting forms of government-to practice architecture. Additional contributions reflect upon power structures in contemporary architectural education, practice, and history to propose other means of architectural knowledge, representation, and professional activity