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Ülkeler devlet yapılarına ve yerel yönetimlerin olanaklarına göre sağlık ile ilgili süreçlerde merkezihükümet ve yerel yönetimler arası iş birliği yapar. Çalışmanın amacı da çeşitli ülkelerde farklı şekildeuygulanan sağlık ile ilgili alanlarda yerel yönetimlerin görev, yetki ve faaliyetlerini değerlendirerekmerkezi hükümet-yerel yönetim iş birliği çerçevesinde AB ülkeleri ile Türkiye'nin karşılaştırmasınıyapmaktır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma, literatür taraması ile elde edilen ikincil veriler ile derleme yöntemikullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. AB ülkelerinin sağlık ile ilgili alanlarda desantralize süreci tek tip olarakuygulanmamaktadır. AB, her ülkenin kendi yönetim ve idari yapılarına göre uygun desantralizasyonuygulaması yapmasını önermektedir. Türkiye'de sağlık ile ilgili alanlarda yerel yönetimlere kısmi yetki vesorumluluk verilirken, kendi devlet yapısını ve yerel yönetimlerin alt yapı uygunluğu dikkate alınmaktadır.Bu çalışmada sağlık ile ilgili alanlardaki tüm faaliyetlerde sadece yetkili merkezi yönetimin ya da tamamenyerel yönetimlerin yetki sahibi olması yerine; koordineli olarak sürecin birlikte yürütülmesinin, başarıyaulaşmada kritik rol oynadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. ; Countries cooperate with the central government and local governments in health-related processes, according to the state structures and the possibilities of local governments. The aim of the study is to evaluate the duties, powers and activities of local governments in health-related fields that are applied differently in various countries within in the central government-local government cooperation is to demonstrate Turkey's comparison with EU countries. In this direction, the study was prepared using the review method with the secondary data obtained as a result of the literature review. The decentralization process of EU countries in health-related areas is not applied uniformly. The EU recommends that each country implement appropriate decentralization according to their management and administrative structures. While giving limited authority and responsibility to local government in health-related areas to Turkey, it takes into account its own state structure and the suitability of local governments' infrastructure. In this study, it has been concluded that instead of having only the authorized central government or completely local governments in all activities related to health; coordinating the process together plays a critical role in achieving success.

This study reviews the management of the in-service training that could contribute to the professional and personal development of the physicians providing primary health care during their post-graduate period. The field study aims to detect the importance and necessity of the in-service training, which is known to provide professional and personal development after graduation in every field of profession, in the health sector, and the approaches of the physicians who provide primary health care on the issue. During the application process, a field study was conducted through an online survey with the participation of 4,034 primary care physicians working in Istanbul. 610 people participated in validly in the study. The opinions, evaluations, and expectations of the physicians about in-service training were measured. In addition, it was tried to determine the knowledge and skill levels of the physicians on these issues by determining the in-service training subjects that physicians deemed necessary for their professional and personal development. The study has three remarkable results. The first result is that physicians care about the in-service training be given in 1-2 hours courses, at least once a month, in a comfortable place such as a hotel and especially with practical methods. The second important result is that the number of physicians who believe that the training should be given by universities and that the training this way will contribute to professional and personal development that constitute the majority. The third result emphasizes that even if the physicians participating in the study find their knowledge and skill levels about preventive healthcare and chronic diseases sufficient, they want to receive more education in this field

Increasing globalization of the healthcare sector indicates that there are new opportunities for emerging markets to take a bigger share from the whole healthcare industry. This is realized in the form of medical tourism where people prefer to travel to different destinations to receive medical treatments and services. Medical tourists prefer to travel for several reasons like low cost, high quality care or shorter waiting periods. The industry is growing rapidly and the annual expenditure is estimated to be around US$ 30 billion at the end of 2019. The challenging amount of expenditure whets the appetite of the countries and competitiveness becomes crucial to take more market share in this respect. Therefore the factors that build up competitiveness is identified and assessed thoroughly. This paper makes a literature review on the subject and recommends a New research opportunity for Turkey in this field.