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The roots of tourism can be traced back to antiquity. Tourism is an interesting phenomenon, an economic activity involving trips that tourists take for a specific purpose to meet their tourist needs. Each country's policy should be aimed at the development of the tourism sector alongside other sectors of the socio-economic framework, in parallel and without favouring separate industries. Tourism has a special place in a country's economic structure. In today's globalized world, it is of great importance for settlements, regions, countries and the world economic system. Good connections and relations between managers, governments and individual organizations, especially in the tourism sector, lead to increased revenues for the country's economy.There are a number of examples of how, on the international stage, economically highly developed countries not only have enormous potential but also manage to exercise power through tourism. The examples of the last year are many, but it is not the subject of this paper.Keywords: tourism, destination, geography, geopolitics, globalization, economyJEL classification: F02, F14, L83, L98

Each profession, faced from its professional chauvinism, has its top periods of its development. In this regard, the veterinary medicine in Bulgaria could be assessed by tracing its development back from its 130 years history. This development naturally follows and is being directed by the socio-economic relations started from the Liberation of Bulgaria to nowadays. From historical point of view, the veterinary profession and the veterinary service do not remain obliged to society, contributing greatly to its progressive development by elaboration of measures for protection of human and animal health, and by defending the policies of biological laws. No accident that this science, this profession - "the veterinary medicine" - is regulated as one of the seven most prestigious in Europe, along with human medicine, law, etc. The top periods of the profession and the expression of certain individuals in it are presented in the works of professional veterinary medical historiography. Our task is to present the contribution and role of the veterinary profession and service of Bulgaria for closing of EU Chapter 'Agriculture' and the accession of the country to the European Union. ; BG; bg; EFSAfocalpoint@mzh.government.bg

Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert und begründet die folgenden Thesen: (1) Sowohl die theoretischen Konzepte als auch die Praxis der Politiker seit Anfang der 80er Jahre zeugen vom Entstehen qualitativ neuer Handlungs-/Verhaltensweisen im globalen Maßstab; (2) Die globale Problematik (Club of Rome) ist die Frontseite einer "turbulenten" Welt, die von einem Selbstorganisationsprozeß geprägt ist; (3) Das internationale (politische) System macht eine Phase synergetischer Umwandlungen durch - mit intensiviertem Nationalismus, mit sich vertiefendem Regionalismus, mit der Emergenz neuer Integrationsstrukturen sowie mit Anpassungen/Verschwinden infolge von Instabilitäten existierender regionaler Organisationen; (4) Die neuen integrativen Formen korrelieren untereinander auf der Mesoebene und bilden die Grundlage für die weitere Evolution der Menschheit; (5) Aufgrund der historischen Ausgangslage kann Euroasien zur geographischen Herausbildung von neuen Machtstrukturen der globalen Menschheit werden; (6) Die gegenwärtige Phase globaler Selbstorganisation ist ein Ergebnis der Evolution und ist von der Herausbildung der "Noosphäre" bestimmt; (7) Im Prozeß globaler Umgestaltungen der internationalen Beziehungen kommt den kleinen Staaten eine entscheidende Rolle zu, weil dadurch der Fächer der Entwicklungsoptionen offen gehalten wird. (pmb)

Abstract. Consolidated democracies involve structured linkages between citizens and political decision making elites that are typically organized via political parties. Given the economic and institutional instability and uncertainty in post‐communist emerging democracies, it has often been maintained that a structuring of party systems in such countries is slow to emerge. This paper demonstrates with data from a 1991 pre‐election study in Bulgaria that significant aspects of political structuring may in fact appear in post‐communist polities quite early. The structuring is based on citizens' individual resources which they expect to convert into economic benefits in the economic market economy, their market location in occupational terms, their general ideological dispositions, and their evaluation of the economic performance of the incumbent governments. While the structuring of party systems may still be weaker than in Western Europe, the Bulgarian evidence casts doubt on the tabula rasa hypothesis in the study of post‐communist politics. Of course, further comparative analysis of post‐communist democracies is required to buttress our conclusions.

Consolidated democracies involve structured linkages between citizens and political decision making elites that are typically organized via political parties. Given the economic and institutional instability and uncertainty in post-communist emerging democracies, it has often been maintained that a structuring of party systems in such countries is slow to emerge. This paper demonstrates with data from a 1991 pre-election study in Bulgaria that significant aspects of political structuring may in fact appear in post-communist polities quite early. The structuring is based on citizens' individual resources which they expect to convert into economic benefits in the economic market economy, their market location in occupational terms, their general ideological dispositions, and their evaluation of the economic performance of the incumbent governments. While the structuring of party systems may still be weaker than in Western Europe, the Bulgarian evidence casts doubt on the tabula rasa hypothesis in the study of post-communist politics. Of course, further comparative analysis of post-communist democracies is required to buttress our conclusions. (European Journal of Political Research / AuD)

AbstractThe governments' mitigation measures to fight the COVID-19 pandemic are unprecedented in our post-war history. For overcoming this crisis, citizens were expected to act in compliance with these measures in order to control the spread of the virus and keep public health systems functional. This call for protecting the public health at the same time confronted citizens with several and severe limitations of their democratic freedoms and rights: confinement, restriction on freedoms of movement, religion, specific provisions for public protest and finally also limitations to the right of education by school closures. This paper analyzes how citizens perceive the threat the COVID-19 pandemic and especially the mitigation measures posed for democracy. We assume that pandemic waves and pandemic fatigue have an impact on the perception of threat. To see the overall societal picture, we exploit a large-scale archive of online discourse on Twitter out of which we extract democracy-related discourse with the same temporal and geospatial coverage for our investigation. From that data source, we apply computational methods to extract time series data reflecting aggregated opinions and their evolution over time concerned with the correlation of attitudes towards democracy. We them move deeper using a longitudinal panel survey we conducted in November/December 2020, March/April 2021, and July/August 2021. to have a view of the relationship between citizens' socio-economic status and basic political attitudes. Our multi-method analysis bases on the German case and covers the period from December 2020 to August 2021.