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The article considers the campaign of the Macedonian King Philip II against the Scythians in 339 B.C. The principal objectives of this study were to determine the plans of King Philip II and the balance of the forces of the opposing parties. The study also analysed the course of the military operations and the results of the campaign. The study uses a multifaceted approach to probe the ancient narrative sources. It also makes a content analysis of the data, retrieved from various national scientific schools. The analyses reveal that Philip conducted a military campaign against Ateas with the help of small expeditionary forces that moved from Byzantion to the mouth of the River Istros (Danube). Philip's enemy Ateas was a ruler of a small Scythian kingdom in Dobrudzha. The primary goals of the Macedonian king's campaign were to capture booty and help the local allies. A desire to morally compensate for the unsuccessful completion of the sieges of Perinthos and Byzantion was the central motive of the campaign. The result of the war was determined in a single pitched battle. Despite the defeat of the Scythians in Dobrudzha, Philip could not deliver the captured booty to Macedonia because of the limited forces. The Triballoi captured this booty, and this devalued the success of the whole Scythian campaign.

International immigration with different reasons such as education and citizenship is by no means a new phenomenon in the modern global world. Nevertheless, intense immigration was sparked and had serious implications, especially for European countries like France after the year 2010, which marked the start of the revolution in Tunisia and the birth of such a phenomenon as the Arab spring. After the end of the colonial era and the loss of colonial possessions by France, the French state encountered the problem of the influx of an infinite number of Arab and African immigrants who had considerable ethnic, religious and cultural-historical characteristics. Exacerbating the problem was that the distinctions seemed essential even when compared with immigrants from other countries, for example, Eastern and Southern Europe. The latter had a relatively similar culture and mentality to the French, and what is the main – a common Christian value matrix. As such, they did not become a problem for the governmental policy of integrating into the cultural space of the host country. European immigrants easily sipped republican values, legal norms, traditions and customs, while making a break with their tradition of the past. However, the growth of immigrant population belonging to a different culture and religious heritage led to the fact that the strategy of the French state in this direction began to become ineffective. It is obvious that the old mechanisms of adaptation, such as obtaining French citizenship and education, do not solve emerging problems, but only generate new ones. As a result, a mutual rejection of the indigenous population and the newcomers intensified, stimulating a buildup of tension in society. As a result, this gradually turned into a matter of preserving national identity for the former, while into a matter of ensuring the survival of themselves and their children for the latter.

Includes index. ; Boyhood and youth -- The revolution -- Law and politics -- The Constitution -- The Treasury and the financial policy -- The results of the financial policy -- Party contests -- Foreign relations and the maintenance of the authority of the government -- The Jay Treaty and the Adams administration -- Professional life, duel and death. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Boyhood and youth -- The Revolution -- Law and politics -- The Constitution -- The Treasury and the financial policy -- The results of the financial policy -- Party contests -- Foreign relations and the maintenance of the authority of the government -- The Jay Treaty and the Adams administration -- Professional life : duel and death. ; Mode of access: Internet.

An obituary for Alexander Mardis, contractor, builder, and Iowa state legislator.