AbstractThe development of the awareness of Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever is outlined, and the causative organisms are considered together with their environmental sources. Modes of transmission of the infections are discussed and the multiplication of the organisms within, and dangers associated with, water cooling towers and hot and cold water systems are investigated. Consideration is also given to the resistances of the Legionellae to temperature and chemical disinfectants. The elimination of Legionellae from, or their control within, waste systems and cooling towers are pursued and some definite suggestions made.
ABSTRACTAn investigation is reported into the effect of pressures of up to 6 bar on the operation of a laboratory‐scale rotating biological contactor. All results are compared with those of an identical reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. Few previous results relating to the effect of pressure on biological wastewater treatment could be found in the literature. Although improved BOD and COD removal (compared to that of the reference unit) was evident as the pressure was increased, the principal benefits of increasing pressure were recorded as being (a) significantly improved nitrification, and (b) a decrease in the sludge yield coefficient. Both these factors improved regularly with increasing pressure, although there is some indication that the production of total oxidized nitrogen might have been affected at the highest pressure employed.
AbstractA systems analysis technique, called the 'analytic hierarchy process', has been employed to develop a wastewater treatment optimization model which enables consideration to be given to subjective factors such as socio‐cultural and environmental conditions as well as to technical and economic aspects. The model is particularly applicable to the developing world. Twenty and twenty‐two parameters were identified for the selection of wastewater and sludge‐treatment alternatives respectively. Forty‐six and ninety‐four treatment alternatives were formulated as decision variables for the selection for wastewater and sludge treatment respectively. The technique was then employed to select the optimum treatment procedures.
This paper describes the data acquisition and high level trigger system of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, as deployed during Run 1. Data flow as well as control, configuration and monitoring aspects are addressed. An overview of the functionality of the system and of its performance is presented and design choices are discussed. ; Funding: We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.