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The aims of this article are to identify, describe, and sociologically understand the different somatic cultures in contemporary Portuguese society—i.e., the distinct ways in which different generations have thought about, used and lived the body from the time of the Estado Novo (the New State, which was the regime that governed Portugal from 1933 to 1974) until the present day. Beginning with the hypothesis that there are different, historically institutionalized, somatic modes of attention to the "young body", the author uses the most relevant institutions of the socialization of the body as analytical dimensions and investigates their main incorporation strategies and models of corporality. This hypothesis is informed by different generational conditions that change people's uses of their body, their experiences of living in it, and their thoughts on the matter. Using these analytical dimensions, the article presents a typology that identifies, describes, and comprehends the three somatic cultures in the recent history of Portuguese society: the culture of physical invigoration that forms part of the legacy of the New State; the culture of physical rejuvenation inherited from youth cultures of the 1960s and 70s, along with the growth of body design industries in the 1980s; and the culture of physical perfection inherited from the biotech culture in the 1990s, accompanied by the radicalization of the body design industry. This approach entails the discussion and reinterpretation of a corpus of historical literature, presenting research data on the body in a defined time period (1930 to date) and space (Portugal), analyzed from an embodied perspective of generational change.

The aesthetic expressions produced and reproduced within post-war spectacular youth (sub)cultures used to be seen as a display of resistance to and subversion of 'social order', perceived as opressive of youth life experiences and chances. Under the traditional subculturalist paradigm, both artefacts or performances were subsumed to the class status of their young practicioners and seen as ideological expression of their dominated and disadvantadged social position. Nowadays, however, the stylistic resources used in youth scenes has taken on new meanings for which the concept of resistance is not enough and/or adequate to explain. Therefore, departing from a post-subcultural approach, this essay intends to highlight the social changes recently occurred in the political culture of spectacular youth scenes and, consequently, to contribute to overcome resistance as nuclear concept on the debate, relocating it towards the concept of existence. Following this idea, and to close this essay, I suggest the concept of arts of existence as analytical point of view on the new expressiveness of the aesthetics of contemporary youth scenes. Inspired in Foucault, that concept allows to go further in the understanding of youth scenes aesthetics as arts of a good living (in the consumption sphere), and arts of making a living (in the production sphere).

Recent research has shown that in contemporary societies, tattoos and body piercing are no longer seen as compulsory signs of collective belonging, but rather as voluntary auto-bio-graphical resources for personal identities constructed around values of individuality, difference and authenticity. More than a trend of narcissist individualism, these new symbolic investments in body marks show how new patterns of sociability among young people are constructed in a more fluid and fragmented way, in which somatic affinities take place amidst other kinds of elective affinities. This contention is underpinned by insights from post-subcultural approaches, and also by the concept of bio-sociabilities proposed by Francisco Ortega (2004). Methodologically, the present study is based on qualitative data from intensive and ethnographic fieldwork on body modification scenes in Lisbon. Indepth interviews with both working professionals and consumers of tattoos and body piercing were conducted.

<p>As microculturas juvenis de hoje não configuram um "nós" do mesmo modo que propunham as tradicionais teorias subculturais, onde a acção dos membros das "subculturas" surgia em relação e em função da colectividade. A fragmentação intricada e reticular das sociabilidades microculturais contemporâneas não permite identificar uma unidade de "grupo", um nós associativo de que se é membro, mas nós sociativos conexos, fundados em relações concretas com outros pessoalizados, que se estabelecem temporariamente com base em afinidades e afectividades electivas. Destes "nós" os jovens não exigem semelhança mas, sobretudo, reconhecimento da sua diferença, fractalmente partilhada em termos de identificações, experiências e relações sociais. Perceber como se estruturam as práticas de sociabilidade no âmbito destes micro -contextos sociais juvenis e as dimensões de afinidade electiva em torno dos quais são produzidas, é o objectivo primordial deste artigo.</p>

Becoming an adult across Europe : portraying different pathways of youth transitions.
The de-standardization of life course transitions seems to be a convergent and relatively widespread phenomenon across the European space. Longer and more extended timings to reach traditional markers of passage -such as residential and financial autonomy, marriage or having children -have been characterizing the process of becoming an adult. However, there has been cross-national evidence that suggests the existence of different transitional experiences. This article aims to identify different pathways regarding transition to adulthood across Europe and to what extent these pathways reflect the different regimes of youth
transition nationally institutionalized. Moreover, it intends to discuss to what extent the de-standardization trend also reflects patterns of de-ritualization
of the traditional social markers of passage to become an adult, by evaluating their ritualistic value. Using data from the European Social Survey -Round 3 (2006) and specifically focusing on the rotating module on the timing of life : the organization of the life course, it will present and discuss results regarding the experiences and the symbolic value of events traditionally perceived as being important in becoming an adult, namely : first fulltime job, leaving the parents' house, first conjugal experience and first child. Differences between and within countries were found, presenting a diverse patterning of pathways and attitudes on becoming an adult across European societies.

Since 2011, across the world, young peop1e have occupied buildings, city squares, and streets as part of a wide array of protests. Such experiences attest not only to "the collective power of bodies in public space" (Harvey 2011) but a1so to the significant role played by young people within them. Whether taking place in Tunis, Spain, Chile, or Wall Street, these movements share a commonality in their deeply democratic perspective and organization, putting them at odds with contemporary capitalist politicaI forms. ln Latin America, the occupations with the biggest impact have been those carried out by primary and high school students. Their fame began with La Rebelión Pingüina ("Penguin Revolution"), a Chilean student movement named after the black and white uniforms students wore when protesting on the streets in 2006 as they mobilized for free education and public transportation. The Penguin Revolution triggered Chile's biggest sequence of rallies since the fall of the Pinochet dictatorship and in addition to demonstrations, students also occupied schools (Hernandez Santibafiez 2018). Like othel' Latin American student occupations, Brazilian activists and tudent engaged in new forms Df politicai action. This was characterized by change in decision-making processes meant to promote a less hierarchical organizational model through increasing use Df collective and deliberativt practices. The student movement also sought increased autonomy in relation to conventional politicaI parties, unions, and other traditional politicai institntion . ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion