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Accounts of the extensive industrialization experienced by Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the first part of the twentieth century have emphasized external shocks or direct linkages to the coffee economy centered on the large estates. Here, these theories are tested, taking into account timing, concentration, & other aspects of industrialization through 1940. Various bodies of evidence confirm that industrial concentration in the city of Sao Paulo represented a transition to industrialization before & during the 1920s. Sao Paulo's industrialization before & through the 1930s was related to a dynamic hinterland experiencing diversification & differentiation. Independent growers played a key role with regard to industrialization, possibly more than the large coffee landlords. Sao Paulo's network of towns, transportation facilities, & commercial activity connected city & countryside & favored the dominance of the city & industrialization. A brief comparison with other cities supports the analysis & suggests a broad comparative framework to explore theoretical implications. 5 Figures, 90 References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
This paper compares 'regions of "recent settlement' (Australia, Canada, the United States, and New Zealand) and Argentina to help assess the conditions under which export oriented agrarian regions and societies adopt a development path oriented to industrialization, focusing on the 1860s through the 1930s. The paper surveys the available literature to trace how agricultural export sector expansion shaped land tenure, class formation, and agrarian political participation in these societies. It sketches the class alliances and related structural conditions shaping the development path adopted. The regions of recent settlement tended to share a pattern of agrarian social structure and mobilization characterized by a high incidence of family operated farms, relatively little landlord predominance, strong farmer mobilization, and a class alliance and polity adhering to a consensus on industrialization and basic policies. Argentina represents a contrasting case in which landlords prevailed. The paper contributes to broader theoretical debate by relating the impact of export agriculture to the internal organization of the export sector.

By 1920 the state of São Paulo boasted the largest coffee economy in the world and was leading Brazil's transition from export expansion to industrialization and "dependent development." The state was well on the way to becoming a showcase of socioeconomic development in Latin America. This essay explores the role played by the São Paulo coffee elite in the politics of this development process, particularly with respect to the demise of the regime known as the Old Republic in the Revolution of 1930.