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This Element explains how cross-border mobility defines diplomatic relationships between Southeast Asian states and social and political dynamics within the region's key destination countries. It begins by providing an historically situated discussion of bordering processes within the region, examining evolving historical conceptions of power and sovereignty, and processes of bordering in colonial and post-colonial times. It then turns to the political, environmental, and economic drivers of contemporary cross-border mobility before examining governments' efforts to manage different kinds of border-crossers and the tensions that these efforts give rise to. Having discussed the politics of cross-border mobility in host communities, the Element returns to the question of why consideration of bordering practices and cross-border mobility is necessary in understanding contemporary Southeast Asia.

This book examines both attempts by the international labor movement to encourage Asian unions to embrace temporary labor migrants and the responses of Asian unions to those attempts.

1. Social activism in Southeast Asia : an introduction / Michele Ford -- 2. Southeast Asian activism and the limits to independent political space / Garry Rodan -- 3. Separatism in Aceh : from social rebellion to political movement / Edward Aspinall -- 4. Philippine contention in the democratic "transitions" / Vince Boudreau -- 5. Values and the institutionalization of Indonesia's organic agriculture movement / Nicola Edwards -- 6. Burmese social movements in exile : labour, migration and democracy / Dennis Arnold -- 7. Labour activism in Thailand / Andrew Brown and Sakdina Chatrakul Na Ayudhya -- 8. The anti-globalization movement in the Philippines / Dominique Caouette and Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem -- 9. Activism and aid : shaping the peace movement in Timor-Leste / Thushara Dibley -- 10. International agendas and sex worker rights in Cambodia / Larissa Sandy -- 11. Sexuality rights activism in Malaysia : the case of Seksualiti Merdeka / Julian C.H. Lee -- 12. The Christian right and the Singaporean feminist movement / Lenore Lyons.

Social Activism in Southeast Asia examines the ways in which social movements operate in a region characterized by a history of authoritarian regimes and relatively weak civil society. It situates cutting-edge accounts of activism around civil and political rights, globalization, peace, the environment, migrant and factory labour, the rights of middle- and working-class women, and sexual identity in an overarching framework of analysis that forefronts the importance of human rights and the state as a focus for social activism. Drawing on contemporary evidence from Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia.

In westlichen Demokratien wird generell angenommen, dass die Arbeiter*innenbewegung formelle Verbindungen zu kommunistischen, sozialdemokratischen oder arbeitnehmerorientierten politischen Parteien unterhält. Das gilt aber nicht für Südostasien, wo die organisierte Arbeiterschaft größtenteils vom politischen System ausgeschlossen ist.

This article examines the dilemmas facing trade unions seeking to engage on questions of forced labour and human trafficking. The International Labour Organization and elements of the international trade union movement have succeeded in getting forced labour on the policy agenda globally and within many national settings. However, trade unions have limited capacity to effect real change in relation to these issues because of limitations on their influence, determined largely by membership density and the limited number of sectors in which they are present, but also internal assessments of what constitutes 'core business'. As a consequence, while trade unions may advocate for legislative or policy change, partner with non-governmental organisations to deal with particular cases, or even engage directly with vulnerable populations, the integration of those populations into the day to day concerns of trade unions necessarily remains elusive—particularly in the global south, where forced labour is most prevalent.

This article examines the dilemmas facing trade unions seeking to engage on questions of forced labour and human trafficking. The International Labour Organization and elements of the international trade union movement have succeeded in getting forced labour on the policy agenda globally and within many national settings. However, trade unions have limited capacity to effect real change in relation to these issues because of limitations on their influence, determined largely by membership density and the limited number of sectors in which they are present, but also internal assessments of what constitutes 'core business'. As a consequence, while trade unions may advocate for legislative or policy change, partner with non-governmental organisations to deal with particular cases, or even engage directly with vulnerable populations, the integration of those populations into the day to day concerns of trade unions necessarily remains elusive—particularly in the global south, where forced labour is most prevalent.

This article examines attempts by Indonesian migrant labor NGOs, migrant worker organizations and trade unions to promote the labor rights of Indonesian migrant workers employed overseas. In recent years trade unions in Indonesia have increasingly been forced to acknowledge the existence of overseas labor migrants. But NGOs have dominated migrant labor advocacy initiatives, and grassroots migrant labor organizations such as the Indonesian Migrant Workers' Union (IMWU) have developed independently of existing trade unions. Unions in Indonesia, like unions in other countries of origin, have been only marginally involved in migrant worker issues because of their physical boundedness within the nation-state and their focus on the formal sector. In other words, the fact that unions operate primarily at the national and sub-national scales and the difficulties they have had incorporating workers employed in less structured workplaces, and particularly in the informal sector, limits their capacity to assist or organize citizens employed outside the boundaries of the nation-state. This paper argues that unions must move beyond their traditional structures and spheres of influence in order to address the needs of overseas migrant workers, who represent an increasingly important union constituency in countries such as Indonesia.

Over the last two decades, the needs and interests of temporary international labor migrants in Southeast Asia have overwhelmingly been the concern of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) rather than trade unions. However, in recent years unions have increasingly been forced to acknowledge that migrant workers are a potentially important trade union constituency. This introduction provides the theoretical framework for a collection of articles which grew out of a project involving academics, trade unionists and migrant labor NGO activists on the extent of union-NGO cooperation on migrant worker issues. It argues that while unions are now much more engaged with both with temporary migrant workers and the NGOs who advocate on their behalf, unions' approaches towards transnationalism and citizenship (and the concomitant issue of legality) — along with entrenched inter-sectoral divisions and prejudices — continue to limit their preparedness and ability to engage fully with issues concerning temporary labor migration.