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Gedenkrituale für Kriegsgefallene ebenso wie die Erinnerung an vergangene Kriege befinden sich in einem Zustand fortwährenden Wandels und passen sich an die jeweiligen sozialen und politischen Begebenheiten an. Dies gilt besonders für jene Gedenkrituale, mit denen an die Gefallenen in Grenzkonflikten erinnert wird: Da es derartige Situationen immer wieder gibt, werden die Gedenkrituale dazu genutzt, um im Hinblick auf neuere Konflikte die Erinnerung zu bewahren. Dies wird im Folgenden am repräsentativen Beispiel Spartas untersucht. In der ersten Hälfte des 7. Jh.s. v. Chr. wurde dort das Gymnopaidiai-Fest eingeführt, das in Verbindung zu den argivisch-spartanischen Feindseligkeiten stand. Dabei lassen sich drei Ereignisse in den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Argos und Sparta ausmachen, die sich auf die Rituale in den Gymnopaidiai ausgewirkt haben – alle drei betreffen Thyrea. Der erste Fall greift die spartanisch-argivischen Zusammenstöße im 8. bzw. 7. Jh. v. Chr. auf, die in Thyrea stattgefunden haben dürften. Die zweite Auseinandersetzung, etwa in der Mitte des 6. Jh.s. v. Chr., war der Kampf der Dreihundert. Der dritte Konflikt lässt sich auf den Anfang des zweiten Viertels des 4. Jh.s. v. Chr. datieren, als Argos der Überlieferung nach wieder die Kontrolle über die Thyreatis erlangte. In den Quellen lassen sich hingegen keine Belege für die Einführung der Gymnopaidiai finden, die auf einen Kampf zwischen Sparta und Argos, sei es in der Thyreatis oder in Hysiai, hinweisen. ; Commemoration rituals and, more generally, the memory of war and war dead are continuously shaped in order to better represent the social and political instances of the group that is managing them. Such shaping activity also involves the program of festivals providing rituals of commemoration of war dead and applies all the more to frontier wars because of their recurrence. A typical example is the shaping of the Gymnopaidiai festival. There are three crucial events influencing at many levels the Gymnopaidiai and hinted by Sosybius (FGrHist 595 F 5): a battle at Thyrea (end of 8th century BC), commemorated by songs of Taletas and Alcman, later coming together in the Gymnopaidiai; the battle of the champions, as a consequence of which Sparta founded the Parparonia at Thyrea and inserted in the Gymnopaidiai peans of Dionisodotos; the recovery of the control over Thyrea by Argos (4th century BC), after which the Spartans transferred the Parparonia to Sparta, hence celebrated within the Gymnopaidiai. Instead, there is no evidence linking the Gymnopaidiai with the battle of Hysiai.

Commemoration rituals and, more generally, the memory of war and war dead are continuously shaped in order to better represent the social and political instances of the group that is managing them. Such shaping activity also involves the program of festivals providing rituals of commemoration of war dead and applies all the more to frontier wars because of their recurrence. A typical example is the shaping of the Gymnopaidiai festival. There are three crucial events influencing at many levels the Gymnopaidiai and hinted by Sosybius (FGrHist 595 F 5): a battle at Thyrea (end of 8th century BC), commemorated by songs of Taletas and Alcman, later coming together in the Gymnopaidiai; the battle of the champions, as a consequence of which Sparta founded the Parparonia at Thyrea and inserted in the Gymnopaidiai peans of Dionisodotos; the recovery of the control over Thyrea by Argos (4th century BC), after which the Spartans transferred the Parparonia to Sparta, hence celebrated within the Gymnopaidiai. Instead, there is no evidence linking the Gymnopaidiai with the battle of Hysiai.

Zur Forschungsgeschichte und Methode -- Thessaler, Penesten und die Ethnogenese der Phoker -- Die Quellen zum sogenannten 3. Heiligen Krieg : von der asebeia zur aponia -- Die Überlieferung über die ältere Zeit : Die Phoker im Epos, die Genealogien des Phokos und der Erste Heilige Krieg -- Der Krieg am Parnassos und bei Hyampolis : Der Ursprung der phokischen aponoia -- Schlussbemerkungen

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- FOREWORD -- INTRODUCTIVE SECTION -- (Maurizio Giangiulio) Do Societies Remember? The Notion of 'Collective Memory': Paradigms and Problems (from Maurice Halbwachs on) -- (Elena Franchi) Memories of Winners and Losers. Historical Remarks on why Societies Remember and Commemorate Wars -- (Giorgia Proietti) Can an Ancient Truth Become an Old Lie? A Few Methodological Remarks Concerning Current Comparative Research on War and its Aftermath -- SECTION I: WAR MEMORIALS: OBJECTS IN PERFORMANCE -- (Lilah Grace Canevaro) Commemoration through Objects? Homer on the Limitations of Material Memory -- (Birgit Bergmann) Beyond Victory and Defeat. Commemorating Battles prior to the Persian Wars -- (Holger Baitinger) Commemoration of War in Archaic and Classical Greece. Battlefields, Tombs and Sanctuaries -- (James Roy) Memorials of War in Pausanias -- (Nina Fehrlen-Weiss) The Thirty Years' War in German Commemorative Culture from the Beginning of the Holy Roman Empire to the Present - An Overview -- (Simone A. Bellezza) Nation Building through Commemoration: Stalinism, WWII, and Holocaust Memorials in Post-Soviet Ukraine -- SECTION II: WAR DEAD: FROM CITIZENS TO SYMBOLS -- (Mirko Canevaro) Courage in War and the Courage of the War Dead - Ancient and Modern Reflections -- (Blanka Misic) Cognitive Aspects of Funerary Commemoration of Soldiers and Veterans in Roman Poetovio -- (Johannes Birgfeld) Commemorating War and War Dead in 18th Century Germany -- (Marco Mondini (with the collaboration of Cecilia Cozzi)) Brothers and Heroes. Literary Sources on Death in the First World War (the Italian Case) -- SECTION III: NARRATIVES OF WAR:HISTORIOGRAPHY, PUBLIC DISCOURSE,AND CULTURAL MEMORY -- (Roel Konijnendijk) Commemoration through Fear: The Spartan Reputation as a Weapon of War.

"Since Bouthoul's seminal work on polemology (1951), war studies have been increasingly influenced by sociology, psychology and psychoanalysis, memory studies, and even literary theory; while also weathering the storms of the cultural turn and, more generally, postmodernism. These are challenges that raised new questions, or offered new answers. How is war memorialized and commemorated? How do individuals react to war trauma? How are individual reactions and narratives implemented in collective thoughts, narratives and memories? How do societies remember wars, and how do these memories, in turn, affect political structures? How are public commemorations organized? These are some of the questions contemporary war studies are still engaged in. By presenting case studies both ancient and modern, from the ancient Greeks and Romans through medieval and modern times to contemporary history, this volume stimulates reflection on how and why individuals and societies remember and commemorate war."--Publisher description.