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After more than 5 months of intense fighting, the Battle for Marawi has concluded as the largest urban combat scenario in modern Philippine history. Winning a kinetic campaign against violent extremist organisations like the Maute Group is insufficient in itself to prevent the eruption of other 'Marawis' in the future. The Duterte Administration should craft a cohesive countering violent extremism strategy. A prospective strategy should recognise the importance of coherent messaging and focus on the non‐ideological drivers of conflict. ; Published version

AbstractAfter more than 5 months of intense fighting, the Battle for Marawi has concluded as the largest urban combat scenario in modern Philippine history. Winning a kinetic campaign against violent extremist organisations like the Maute Group is insufficient in itself to prevent the eruption of other 'Marawis' in the future. The Duterte Administration should craft a cohesive countering violent extremism strategy. A prospective strategy should recognise the importance of coherent messaging and focus on the non‐ideological drivers of conflict.

After more than 5 months of intense fighting, the Battle for Marawi has concluded as the largest urban combat scenario in modern Philippine history. Winning a kinetic campaign against violent extremist organisations like the Maute Group is insufficient in itself to prevent the eruption of other 'Marawis' in the future. The Duterte Administration should craft a cohesive countering violent extremism strategy. A prospective strategy should recognise the importance of coherent messaging and focus on the non‐ideological drivers of conflict. ; Published version

The book focuses on a sample of undergraduate university students who attended Pace University to determine the relative significance of ethnicity in the educational and professional options perceived by Italian-American vs. non-Italian-American respondents.

Theories of a crime-terror nexus are well established in the literature. Often conceptualised along a continuum, relationships between organisations range from contracting services and the appropriation of tactics, to complete mergers or even role changes. Recent irregular migrant movements have added to the nexus, providing financial opportunities to criminal enterprises and creating grievances and heated debate that has fuelled the anger of ideological groups. In Europe, terrorist organisations have worked with and sometimes emulated organised crime syndicates through involvement in the trafficking of drugs, people, weapons and antiquities. In Southeast Asia, conflict areas provide the backdrop for cross-border drug trafficking and kidnap-for-ransom activities, while extremist groups both commit crimes for profit and target criminals for recruitment. ; Published version

Theories of a crime-terror nexus are well established in the literature. Often conceptualised along a continuum, relationships between organisations range from contracting services and the appropriation of tactics, to complete mergers or even role changes. Recent irregular migrant movements have added to the nexus, providing financial opportunities to criminal enterprises and creating grievances and heated debate that has fuelled the anger of ideological groups. In Europe, terrorist organisations have worked with and sometimes emulated organised crime syndicates through involvement in the trafficking of drugs, people, weapons and antiquities. In Southeast Asia, conflict areas provide the backdrop for cross-border drug trafficking and kidnap-for-ransom activities, while extremist groups both commit crimes for profit and target criminals for recruitment. ; Published version