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Hong Kong presenta un caso que pone en cuestión la teoría de modernización de Samuel Huntington. Por una parte, se señala como impedimento el retorno de la soberanía a la República Popular China. Sin embargo, incluso durante el control británico, no desarrolló instituciones democráticas. El presente artículo plantea las implicaciones de la presencia de élites económicas en la política de Hong Kong. Se concluye que, además de la clara intervención china en el consejo legislativo, las protestas de las sombrillas amarillas indican que una parte de la ciudadanía muestra inconformidad con la situación política, buscando alternativas de participación política.

The region of Central Asia, consisting in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, is a geo-strategic area quite interesting to the great powers. Russia provides them security cooperation in the intent to ensure regional stability. On the other hand, China promotes relations with them based on investment and trade. Under the neorealist paradigm, this article identifies the application of Nye's (2009) smart power strategies by China and Russia in Central Asia. In this context, this document provides a comparative analysis of the power strategies to finally conclude that despite Russia has been shown historically as the dominant power in the region, that directs the political and military cooperation, China could be seen as the creator of an effective smart power strategy based on the commercial cooperation. ; La región de Asia Central que comprende Kazajistán, Uzbekistán, Turkmenistán, Tayikistán y Kirguistán resulta un área geoestratégica de interés para grandes potencias. Rusia provee cooperación en seguridad con la idea de garantizar la estabilidad regional; China por su parte, promueve sus relaciones basadas en comercio e inversión. Bajo el paradigma neorrealista, el presente artículo identifica la aplicación de estrategias de smart power de Nye (2009) por parte de China y Rusia en Asia Central. En este contexto, el documento presenta un análisis comparativo de las estrategias de poder, donde se concluye que si bien, históricamente Rusia se muestra como la potencia dominante en la región al orientar la cooperación política y militar, China podría considerarse el hacedor de una estrategia de smart power efectiva por medio de cooperación comercial.

The five new Central Asian States that emerged from the fall of the Soviet Union began a process of State capacity building and the rule of law in their territories. Even though each one has its particularities, the continuity of autocratic political systems is a common factor among them. The privileged geographical position of Central Asia as a mandatory step between Europe and Asia, and its fundamental role in the energy security of world great powers, make the region increasingly important within the political and economic dynamics of the current International System. This might be a factor of analysis that affects changes and configurations in the political arena. This paper examines the extent to which external factors influence domestic politics by drawing on the theoretical background of authoritarian regimes and democratic transition, historical liaisons after the fall of the Soviet Union, as well as external factors such as security affairs, international trade, infrastructure projects in oil and gas pipelines, and competence for scarce water resources in the region. ; Los cinco nuevos países de Asia Central que surgieron después de la caída de la Unión Soviética han empezado un proceso de construcción de capacidad estatal e imperio de la ley en sus territorios. Y aunque cada uno tiene sus particularidades, la continuidad de sistemas políticos autocráticos es un factor común entre ellos. La posición geográfica privilegiada en Asia Central, como un paso obligado entre Europa y Asia, y su papel fundamental en la seguridad energética de las grandes potencias mundiales hacen que la región sea crecientemente importante en las dinámicas políticas y económicas del sistema internacional actual. Este puede ser un factor de análisis que afecta los cambios y las configuraciones en la arena política. Este documento examina hasta qué punto los factores externos influyen en la política interna basándose en el trasfondo teórico de los regímenes autoritarios y la transición democrática, los enlaces históricos después ...

China began to accelerate the energy transition in the last decade as a strategy for rebalancing its economy and becoming a more influential actor in the global renewable energy market. This article explores to what extent Chinese investment and financing in renewable energy projects in Argentina and Brazil promote these countries' energy transition strategies and sustainable development more broadly. To approach this question, the article provides a reading of Ostrom's postulates of the energy transition as an increasingly relevant driver of certain states' relationships with other countries. General trajectories of Chinese investment and lending in Latin America provide a background to Chinese investment in solar and wind power projects in Argentina and Brazil. The article concludes that China's overseas finance merges with Argentina and Brazil's own goals regarding renewable energy deployment and discusses future challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath. (JCCA/GIGA)

China began to accelerate the energy transition in the last decade as a strategy for rebalancing its economy and becoming a more influential actor in the global renewable energy market. This article explores to what extent Chinese investment and financing in renewable energy projects in Argentina and Brazil promote these countries' energy transition strategies and sustainable development more broadly. To approach this question, the article provides a reading of Ostrom's postulates of the energy transition as an increasingly relevant driver of certain states' relationships with other countries. General trajectories of Chinese investment and lending in Latin America provide a background to Chinese investment in solar and wind power projects in Argentina and Brazil. The article concludes that China's overseas finance merges with Argentina and Brazil's own goals regarding renewable energy deployment and discusses future challenges in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its aftermath.