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This presentation examines the divorce between Economics and Ecology and the implications of this separation to understand the environmental crisis and its possible solutions. I review the history of environmental concerns in economic thinking emphasizing how economic thinking has taken distance from the material and ecological considerations as basis for its reflections. Thereafter I present elements from Ecological Economics as a part of a strategy intended to bring closer the disciplines of Ecology and Economics to face the environmental crisis and acknowledging the need for radical transformations in the theory and practice of political economy. ; En esta presentación se aborda el divorcio entre Economía y Ecología, las implicaciones de esta separación para entender la crisis ambiental y para la búsqueda de soluciones a dicha crisis. Se hace un recorrido sintético por la historia del pensamiento económico, haciendo énfasis en la evolución del pensamiento económico y su progresivo distanciamiento de una base material y ecológica para sus reflexiones. Desde allí se presenta una serie de elementos propios de la Economía Ecológica que se proponen como parte de una estrategia para acercar las disciplinas de la Ecología y la Economía, de cara a abordar la crisis ambiental y reconociendo la necesidad de transformaciones radicales en la teoría y la práctica de la economía política.

As economic incentives for biodiversity and ecosystem service protection (e.g., payments for ecosystem services) have become widespread in environmental science and policy, a major concern among conservationists and environmental scientists is that economic incentives may undermine people's intrinsic motivations to conserve biodiversity. In this paper we review the theoretical insights and empirical findings on motivation crowding effects with economic instruments for biodiversity protection. First, we synthesize the psychological mechanisms behind motivation crowding effects relevant for environmental behavior as identified in the specialized literature. We then conduct a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Our results show that, although several empirical studies suggest the existence of crowding-out and crowding-in effects, evidence remains inconclusive due to i) methodological limitations for empirical studies to demonstrate crowding effects, ii) lack of adequate baseline information about pre-existing intrinsic motivations, iii) weak comparability of results across case studies resulting from inconsistent terminology and methods, and iv) the complexity stemming from cultural and contextual heterogeneity. We conclude that, as economic instruments for conservation are increasingly implemented, it becomes paramount to develop robust methodologies for assessing pre-existing intrinsic motivations and changes in people's motivational structures. To address possible detrimental long term effects for conservation outcomes we call for caution in situations where high uncertainties remain.

Altres ajuts: this research was funded by the FP7-OpenNESS (308428) and Biodiversa-ENABLE (PCIN-2016-002) and through individual grants from the EU-COST Action TU1201 and the Catalan government (FI DGR, 2012FI_B 00578) to JL. ; Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 ; The notion and assessment of ecosystem services (ES) values is becoming an established part of the discourse regarding urban green space performance. Yet, underlying factors enabling ES values are still poorly understood. We assume the production of ES value crucial for environmental stewardship in cities, and aimed in this study to uncover their key enabling factors. This study has been developed on a broad data base including a survey (n = 201), interviews (n = 46), field observation and remote sensing from 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, including municipal 'allotment gardens' and 'civic gardens' emerging from bottom-up initiatives. In a first step, we distinguished different urban gardens types regarding the ES values they provide. In a second step, we tested specific garden characteristics including (a) user profiles, (b) biophysical garden properties, and (c) institutional settings for their specific importance to trigger ES values. Results showed ES values to significantly differ with the types of gardens. For example, classical allotment gardens are more likely to provide recreational values, while emerging civic gardens are more likely to produce place-making and social cohesion. A main finding from our study is the importance of social and institutional garden characteristic as enabling factors of ES values. Results indicate, for example, a correlation between childhood experiences and a higher appreciation of ES. Our results further indicate that civic gardens with broader property rights and decision-capacities are more likely to enhance stewardship action. In providing a differentiated understanding of the ES value(s) of urban gardens, this study highlights the potential for green space planning in cities to steer the stewardship of urban gardens by providing institutional and physical space for civic gardening initiatives.

The notion and assessment of ecosystem services(ES)valuesis becoming anestablished part of the discourse regarding urban green space performance. Yet, underlying factors enabling ES values are stillpoorly understood. We assume the production of ES value crucial for environmental stewardship in cities, and aimed in this study to uncover their key enabling factors. This study has beendeveloped on a broad data baseincludinga survey(n=201), interviews(n=46), field observation and remote sensing from 27 urban gardens in Barcelona, Spain, including municipal 'allotment gardens' and 'civic gardens' emerging from bottom-up initiatives.In a first step, we distinguished different urban gardenstypes regarding the ESvalues they provide. In a second step, we testedspecific garden characteristics including (a) user profiles,(b) biophysicalgardenproperties, and (c) institutional settings fortheirspecific importanceto triggerES values. Results showedES values to significantly differ with the typesof gardens. For example, classical allotment gardens are more likely to provide recreational values, while emerging civic gardens are more likely to produce place-makingand social cohesion.A main finding from our study is the importance of social and institutional garden characteristic as enabling factors of ES values. Results indicate,for example, a correlation between childhood experiences and a higher appreciation of ES.Our results further indicate thatcivic gardens with broader property rights and decision-capacities are more likely to enhancestewardship action.In providing a differentiated understanding of the ES value(s) of urban gardens, this study highlights the potential for green space planning in citiesto steer the stewardship of urban gardens by providing institutional and physicalspace for civic gardening initiatives. ; This research was funded by the FP7-OpenNESS (308428) and Biodiversa-ENABLE (PCIN-2016-002) and through individual grants from the EU-COST Action TU1201 and the Catalan government (FI DGR, 2012FI_B 00578) to JL.