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AbstractUsing international data from the Life in Transition Survey, I analyse the role of social trust on pro‐environmental behaviours aimed at helping to fight climate change. Social trust might increase pro‐environmental behaviour by reducing the free‐rider problem, restraining opportunistic behaviour, and enhancing cooperation. The results suggest that social trust increases the probability of individuals taking personal actions aimed at helping to fight climate change; the results are robust to using different sets of control variables, and to controlling for country and region fixed effects. The results also indicate that social trust is positively and significantly associated with environmental actions that are time‐consuming, but there is no significant relationship with environmental actions that impose monetary costs on individuals.

Bu makale, sosyal güvenin devletin kurumsal yapısı üzerine etkisini analiz etmektedir. Sosyal güven, bir insanın kişisel olarak tanımadığı insanlara karşı duyduğu güven duygusu olarak tanımlanabilir. Güven, işlem maliyetlerini azaltarak ve bedavacılık sorununu iyileştirerek devletin kurumsal yapısını birçok açıdan etkileyebilmektedir. Bu makale, devletin kurumsal yapısı ile ilgili üç farklı alan üzerine durmaktadır: aşırı bürokrasi, yolsuzluk ve refah devleti. Güvenin yüksek olduğu bir toplumda vatandaşlar gereksiz bürokratik prosedürlere ve yolsuzluklara daha az maruz kalırlar, vergilerini gönül rahatlığıyla öderler ve yüksek vergi gelirleri sayesinde kalkınma dostu kamu harcamalarından daha fazla faydalanırlar. Bu makale, yüksek güvenin devletin kurumsal yapısını toplumun bütününe fayda sağlayacak şekilde çalışır hale getirdiğini göstermektedir. ; This paper analyses the effect of social trust on the institutional structure of the state. Social trust can be defined as the level of trust that a given person has toward people whom he or she does not know personally. Trust can affect many aspects of the state's institutional structure by reducing transaction costs and ameliorating the free-rider problem. This article focuses on three dimensions related to the state's institutional structure: red tape, corruption, and the welfare state. In a society with a high level of trust, individuals are less subject to unnecessary bureaucratic procedures, pay their taxes with peace of mind, and, thanks to high tax revenues, benefit more from the development-friendly public expenditures. This article indicates that a high level of trust makes the state's institutional structure function in a way that benefits society as a whole.

ÖZETÇEVRE POLİTİKALARININ EKONOMİK KALKINMA ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİBu çalışmada vergi, harç, sübvansiyon, komuta ve kontrol yaklaşımları, ticarete tabi permiler ve gönüllü yaklaşımlar gibi çevre politikalarının ekonomik kalkınma üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. İnsanoğlu, çevresel olumsuzlukları gün ve gün ağarlaştırmaktadır. Bu yüzden de çevre politikaları daha iyi bir çevre kalitesi için olmazsa olmaz hale gelmiştir. Ancak çevre politikaları dolaylı veya dolaysız olarak ekonomik büyüme, istihdam, rekabet ve teknoloji, gelir dağılımı ve sağlığı etkilemektedir. Bu saydıklarımız da ekonomik kalkınmanın en önemli saç ayaklarıdır. Bundan dolayı bu çalışma çevre politikalarının ekonomik büyüme, istihdam, rekabet ve teknoloji, gelir dağılımı ve sağlığa etkilerini analiz eden en önemli çalışmaları incelemiştir. Bu çalışma, bütün politikalarda olduğu gibi çevre politikalarının da ülkelerin ekonomik performanslarına maliyetlerinin ve faydalarının olduğunu gösteriyor. Çevre politikalarını uygulamak isteyen ülkeler tek bir reçete sunmak mümkün değil. Ancak bu çalışmada ülkelere uygun olan çevre politikalarının etkin bir şekilde uygulandığı takdirde bu politikaların ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınmaları için iyi bir fırsat olduğu sonucuna varmıştır. ABSTRACTTHE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTIn this study, we analyze the effects of environmental policies like tax, charges, subsidies, command and control approaches, tradable permits and voluntary approaches on economic development. Humankind worsens environmental degradations day by day. Thus, Environmental policies are prerequisite for better environmental quality. But, environmental policies directly and indirectly affect economic growth, employment, competitiveness & technology, income distribution and health. These are the most important pillars of economic development. Thus we examine some key studies that focus on the effects of environmental policies on economic growth, employment, competitiveness & technology, income distribution and health in order to analyze the effects on economic development. This study shows that, just like all policies, environmental policies have some costs and benefits on countries' economic performance. It is not possible to give one true recipe for countries which want to apply environmental policies. But, in this study, we conclude that if countries use efficient environmental policies that fit them, these policies will be a good opportunity for their economic development.

In 2018, the Turkish economy suffered one of the most severe financial speculations in its 38-year open economy era. Some have tried to explain the causes of the financial turbulence solely by linking it to the deterioration in the macroeconomic indicators, such as the inflation rate and current account deficit. However, this approach cannot help us to understand the fundamental causes of the financial turbulence. This paper argues that internal and external shocks ranging from the coup attempt in 2016 to geopolitical risks hindered the designing and implementation process of the second-generation reforms Turkey needed to escape from its middle-income trap. As the reform process slowed down and the severity of shocks increased; uncertainties over economic performance and policies mounted. This uncertain environment paved the way for financial turbulence by providing opportunities for speculators to mislead the markets in line with their own interests. ; WOS:000504060600009 ; 2-s2.0-85088304213

The growth episode of the Turkish economy in the 2000s was written based on two integrated fundamentals: fixing the deteriorating dynamics and implementing further reforms to stimulate economic activity. This basic formula led to attractive rates of economic growth, fueled particularly by domestic private investments along with revived consumption and exports. Integrated with the political stability established by single-party governments in the post-2002 period, the improving economic outlook also helped Turkey enjoy record levels of foreign investment, adding momentum to the growth story.