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Le premier objectif de la Croix-Rouge, et celui qui reste, maintenant encore, le principal, c'est d'alléger les souffrances entraînées par la guerre.Depuis les temps les plus reculés, les hommes se sont évertués à empêcher la guerre dans la mesure du possible et à en atténuer les conséquences lorsqu'elle éclatait. La Trêve de Dieu, mentionnée pour la première fois en 1027, interdisait du jeudi matin au dimanche soir, sous peine de sanctions ecclésiastiques, les combats considérés alors comme une occupation réservée aux gentilshommes. C'était là une tentative en vue de mettre la guerre hors la loi. Plus ancienne encore, la Paix de Dieu, promulguée par le concile de Charroux en 980, déclarait inviolables en temps de guerre, dans leur personne, les paysans, marchands, pèlerins et spécialement les prêtres, moines et nonnes sur qui reposait entièrement, a l'époque, la charge de donner soins et assistance aux blessés et malades. On retrouve ici, dans l'institution d'une classe spécialement protégée, alors même que la guerre est déchaînée, le principe essentiel des Conventions de la Croix-Rouge.

The first, and still the chief, object of the Red Cross is to mitigate the suffering caused by war.Man, from earliest time, has sought to prevent war if possible, and to mitigate its consequences when it does occur. By the "Truce of God" first recorded in 1027, fighting, then recognised as the occupation of a gentleman, was forbidden under ecclesiastical sanctions, from Thursday morning to Sunday night. This is an approach to the outlawing of war. Still older, dating from the Council of Charroux in 980, was the "Peace of God" which declared inviolable during war, the persons of peasants, merchants, and pilgrims and especially of priests, monks and nuns—on whose care the wounded and sick depended at that time.

AbstractThe School‐to‐Prison Pipeline is a social phenomenon where students become formally involved with the criminal justice system as a result of school policies that use law enforcement, rather than discipline, to address behavioral problems. A potentially important part of the School‐to‐Prison Pipeline is the use of sworn School Resource Officers (SROs), but there is little research on the causal effect of hiring these officers on school crime or arrests. Using credibly exogenous variation in the use of SROs generated by federal hiring grants specifically to place law enforcement in schools, I find evidence that law enforcement agencies learn about more crimes in schools upon receipt of a grant, and are more likely to make arrests for those crimes. This primarily affects children under the age of 15. However, I also find evidence that SROs increase school safety, and help law enforcement agencies make arrests for drug crimes occurring on and off school grounds.

William Henderson Baird [31 August 1831-16 July 1864] was a Civil War soldier; his brother David Wray Baird [13 September 1824-18 September 1896] was a merchant in Geneva, NY. This document recommends W H Baird for a promotion.

Involving subordinates in the process of making organizational decisions is widely thought to be helpful in improving the quality of decisions and also increasing the "ownership" of those decisions. However, participation also can have dysfunctional or even counterproductive effects. In a school system, the school principal or superintendent who is interested in utilizing participative decision making must have an accurate perception of when the staff should or should not be involved. To facilitate this, the authors suggest a three-part schema for classifying problems as viewed by subordinates: the Zone of Indif ference, Zone of Ambivalence, and Zone of Sensitivity. Based upon these con cepts, the authors developed and tested a technique for assessing the views of school faculty members as a source of data to guide principals and superin tendents in deciding whom to involve in dealing with what problems. The tech nique is broadly applicable to other types of organizations as well.