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In questo articolo, l'autore analizza gli effetti dirompenti della pandemia di CO-VID-19 sul sistema migratorio esistente tra la Spagna e Marocco, utilizzando come approccio teorico il concetto di "frontierizzazione" (bordering). A partire dai primi mesi del 2020, la crescente diffusione del virus SARS-CoV-2 ha generato un pro-fondo sconvolgimento, che si è manifestato in cinque dinamiche principali: 1) l'apparire di nuove migrazioni forzate di ritorno; 2) la perturbazione dei flussi tran-sfrontalieri esistenti; 3) i cambiamenti dei canali informali di migrazione e la ria-pertura della rotta atlantica verso le Canarie; 4) l'emergere di zone-cuscinetto alle frontiere (buffer spaces); 5) la riorganizzazione dei facilitatori delle migrazioni in-formali e delle organizzazioni di smuggling. Nel breve periodo, dunque, lo shock esogeno della pandemia ha provocato cambiamenti profondi, la cui persistenza nel medio e lungo periodo dovrà essere oggetto di attenzione costante in futuro.

This thesis aims to demonstrate in a tangible way how mobile phone data, private vehicle tracks, and scanner data are useful for measuring complex systems. The three main areas of application concerned use of Big Data: i) for measuring the presence within a territory through Data Mining techniques, ii) to now-casting socio-economic development of a country, and iii) for measuring the dynamics of cities. First, it has been developed a tool for real-time demography demonstrating how to use mobile phone data over a wide area to achieve a new Official Statistic indicators. The study showed how Big Data, either using mobile phone data or scanner data are useful and effective for carrying out a continuous census of the population. Second, it has been proposed an analytical framework able to evaluate relations between relevant aspects of human behavior and the well-being of a territory. We found out that the diversity of human mobility is a mirror of some aspects of socio-economic development and well-being. Then, we showed how mobility features help to improve the performance of state-of-the-art methodology such as small area estimation methodologies. Finally, it has been analyzed how mobility interacts with the territory due to the movement of people. We proposed to use mobile phone data and GPS tracks for city government measuring the attractiveness of cities. Furthermore, a data analysis approach aimed to identify mobility functional areas in a completely data-driven way has been proposed. The main findings of the thesis concern the statistical and ethical evaluation of results with official sources and showed that methodologies could be applied in other contexts and with different data sources as well. We showed how the geographic information contained in the data sources is incredibly useful to observe our society with a new ``microscope''. Thanks to the opportunity provided by the varied scientific context of SoBigData, the European Research Infrastructure for Big Data and Social Mining. the Ph.D. also contributed to develop and promote responsible data science because the ethical framework is considered as part of the CRISP model, not a problem to treat apart.

INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals? Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration ; The fulltext pdfs are available upon request to migration@EUI.eu during the embargo period (until 6 October 2019) ; This brief reports on the INTERACT project findings regarding Ecuadorian and Moroccan migrants in Spain. ; INTERACT is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union.

INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals? Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration ; This corridor report analyses the integration patterns of Turkish and Tunisian immigrants in France on a comparative basis. The goal of the report is to understand the role of origin countries and societies in the integration of these two immigrant communities in France. Following the INTERACT project's idea of "integration as a three-way process", the report analyses the integration of Turkish and Tunisian immigrants in France not only from a country of destination perspective, but also from the point of view of the countries and societies of origin. To do this, we apply a methodology that brings together three different types of original sources: a legal and political framework analysis at both origin and destination, a quantitative analysis on some specific integration dimensions (labour market, education, and citizenship), and a survey on civil society actors. The analysis conducted emphasises that historical and language ties between the country of origin and destination may play a role in specific dimensions such as education and, in a lesser way, on the labour market (through bilateral agreements). These linkages also play an indirect role on the compositions and specific time evolution of the two migration flows to France. Countries of origin may also play a role concerning access to citizenship through the evolution of their policies in this area. ; INTERACT is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Unionhe MPC is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

INTERACT - Researching Third Country Nationals? Integration as a Three-way Process - Immigrants, Countries of Emigration and Countries of Immigration as Actors of Integration ; This corridor report analyse on a comparative basis the integration patters of Ecuadorian and Moroccan immigrants in Spain. The goal of this report is to understand the role of origin countries and societies in integration of these two immigrants communities in Spain. Following the INTERACT project's idea of "integration as a three-way process", the report will analyse integration of Ecuadorians and Moroccans in Spain not only from a countries of destination perspective, but also from the point of view of countries and society of origin. To do this, we apply a methodology joining three different type of original sources: a legal and political framework analysis both in origin and destination, a quantitative analysis on some specific integration dimension (labour market, education, and citizenship), and a survey on civil society actors. The analysis conducted emphasizes that historical and political ties between the country of origin and destination may play a role in some specific dimension, as labour market and access to citizenship, through bilateral agreements, and education, through language. In particular, in case of Ecuador bilateral agreements seems to be central in facilitating the integration of immigrants in these Dimensions. ; INTERACT is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Unionhe MPC is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

This project aims to analyse the development of Spanish immigration policy through the case of West African migrations which significantly reveals the ambiguous and ambivalent nature of the policy. In the context of migratory flows reversal, Spain has become an increasingly important destination for immigrants, so I wish to address the complicated implementation of a national policy which, from its birth in 1985, has had to reconcile EU obligations with internal interests. I shall look at how the virulent politicisation of immigration issues in 2000 not only represents a key moment in the development of Spanish policy, but Europeanization process as well. The significance of this is that Spain, a country which was at first a passive recipient of European norms and practices, steadily became a central actor in the key debates and issues surrounding immigration in the EU. These include the Spanish alignment to the securitisation process of immigration as well as becoming a model in the internationalisation of immigration policy through its action towards the African continent. I will also analyse the development of the external dimension of Spanish policy, which through an exacerbated focus on sub-Saharan immigration leads to a widespread effect of the migratory issues in its dealings with Africa. The reassessment and consequent improvement of Spanish relations with Morocco was a crucial moment due to the country's strategic importance as a "transit zone" to Europe. This trend continued with the consequent re-engagement in West Africa following the Africa Plan which I believe reflects the role of the African continent as a privileged field of expression towards the externalisation of migratory flows control. The deciphering of this emerging Euro-African framework of migration governance and its negotiation help us to fully comprehend the consequences and collateral effects of this policy. ; Ce travail analyse la construction de la politique d'immigration en Espagne à travers le cas des migrations ouest-africaines, ...

This project aims to analyse the development of Spanish immigration policy through the case of West African migrations which significantly reveals the ambiguous and ambivalent nature of the policy. In the context of migratory flows reversal, Spain has become an increasingly important destination for immigrants, so I wish to address the complicated implementation of a national policy which, from its birth in 1985, has had to reconcile EU obligations with internal interests. I shall look at how the virulent politicisation of immigration issues in 2000 not only represents a key moment in the development of Spanish policy, but Europeanization process as well. The significance of this is that Spain, a country which was at first a passive recipient of European norms and practices, steadily became a central actor in the key debates and issues surrounding immigration in the EU. These include the Spanish alignment to the securitisation process of immigration as well as becoming a model in the internationalisation of immigration policy through its action towards the African continent. I will also analyse the development of the external dimension of Spanish policy, which through an exacerbated focus on sub-Saharan immigration leads to a widespread effect of the migratory issues in its dealings with Africa. The reassessment and consequent improvement of Spanish relations with Morocco was a crucial moment due to the country's strategic importance as a "transit zone" to Europe. This trend continued with the consequent re-engagement in West Africa following the Africa Plan which I believe reflects the role of the African continent as a privileged field of expression towards the externalisation of migratory flows control. The deciphering of this emerging Euro-African framework of migration governance and its negotiation help us to fully comprehend the consequences and collateral effects of this policy. ; Ce travail analyse la construction de la politique d'immigration en Espagne à travers le cas des migrations ouest-africaines, ...

This project aims to analyse the development of Spanish immigration policy through the case of West African migrations which significantly reveals the ambiguous and ambivalent nature of the policy. In the context of migratory flows reversal, Spain has become an increasingly important destination for immigrants, so I wish to address the complicated implementation of a national policy which, from its birth in 1985, has had to reconcile EU obligations with internal interests. I shall look at how the virulent politicisation of immigration issues in 2000 not only represents a key moment in the development of Spanish policy, but Europeanization process as well. The significance of this is that Spain, a country which was at first a passive recipient of European norms and practices, steadily became a central actor in the key debates and issues surrounding immigration in the EU. These include the Spanish alignment to the securitisation process of immigration as well as becoming a model in the internationalisation of immigration policy through its action towards the African continent. I will also analyse the development of the external dimension of Spanish policy, which through an exacerbated focus on sub-Saharan immigration leads to a widespread effect of the migratory issues in its dealings with Africa. The reassessment and consequent improvement of Spanish relations with Morocco was a crucial moment due to the country's strategic importance as a "transit zone" to Europe. This trend continued with the consequent re-engagement in West Africa following the Africa Plan which I believe reflects the role of the African continent as a privileged field of expression towards the externalisation of migratory flows control. The deciphering of this emerging Euro-African framework of migration governance and its negotiation help us to fully comprehend the consequences and collateral effects of this policy. ; Ce travail analyse la construction de la politique d'immigration en Espagne à travers le cas des migrations ouest-africaines, ...

Les relations entre l'Union Européenne et l'Afrique sont de plus en plus conditionnées par la question migratoire, abordée de façon croissante selon une optique sécuritaire. En parallèle, l'internationalisation progressive des politiques européennes d'immigration produit une dynamique d'externalisation du contrôle vers le continent africain. Dans le cadre déséquilibré des relations euro-africaines, la délégation du contrôle des flux migratoires s'appuie sur la conclusion d'accords commerciaux et sur les concessions d'aide au développement, comme des instruments de pression. Le résultat le plus évident de cette dynamique est la création dans le continent africain d'une succession de zones tampons vis-à-vis des flux migratoires.

In this article, we address a gap in the scholarship on (super)diversity, discrimination and racism by placing the experiences of non-western migrants and Roma people in the same conceptual framework of stigmatization based on racialization and aporophobia. Including a (formally non-recognized) national minority, the Spanish Roma, in such an analysis implies moving from a framework of superdiversity applied to immigrants to a broader one, which also applies the notion of superdiversity to the racialized citizens of a country, shifting the focus from inner-group features to exogenous othering processes by the mainstream society. We aim to also contribute to the literature on the race–class binary with our empirically grounded analysis of how racialization and aporophobia intersect in the negative stereotyping of people who are cast as outsiders based on both their race/ethnicity and (assumed) socio-economic status. Data from several different research projects on migrant and Roma inclusion/exclusion in Spain were used for the analysis, which focuses on the intersections between race and class in the narratives on exclusion and discrimination by 185 migrant and Roma men and women that were interviewed between 2004 and 2021. The analysis shows that our Roma and migrant respondents perceive forms of discrimination based on racialization and aporophobia that are similar in several ways. In turn, the "double stigmatization" experienced by many of our respondents reinforces their actual precariousness, which may be understood both as a cause and consequence of this stigmatization. We found that these experiences were salient in the narratives of both non-western migrant and Roma respondents who find themselves part of a "racialized underclass" and struggle with finding ways to exit the vicious circle of devalued identities and material deprivation.

This paper explores the 'border spectacle', namely the production and diffusion of images of immigration, in contemporary digital journalism to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic public health crisis overlapped with the dual semantics of illegalisation/victimisation of migrants. This article addresses a gap in the field of political economy of the border spectacle, conducting a bottom-up analysis of the socio-economic and material conditions under which visual narratives of migration and borders are produced and diffused in the case of Mexico. The methodology combines virtual ethnography and in-depth biographical/life stories interviews with three female reporter/photojournalists covering migration issues in Mexico and the Americas and producing accounts that differs significantly from the hegemonic iconography of migration. By analyzing the data collected between 2020 and 2021, we explore the extreme violence, precariousness and health risks, as well as strategies of self-support characterising these media professionals' experiences. The analysis helps understand the rationale behind the political economy of the media during the COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown in Mexico, as well as how the media's structural frame exposes, amplifies and mediates migration in terms of 'infectious' and, therefore, a threat to national communities already vulnerable to the virus. Finally, we highlight the conflict between the purpose of the reporters, who want to provide empathetic, first-hand accounts of migration, on the one hand, and the commercial interests of mainstream media, which tends to seek to follow a hegemonic framing, make some of these images viral to create moral panic against migrants, on the other.