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Starting from the middle of the 16-th century, during the foreign policy expansion increase, the ethno-confessional diversity of the Russian state was steadily increasing. The imperial policy aimed at assimilating non-Russian peoples sharply raised the issue of their identity preservation. For domestic Muslims, an important factor in cultural and confessional identity provision was the preservation and development of their traditional ties with the Islamic world. Various political, economic, cultural, and other contacts maintained with the countries of the Muslim East have become the basis for the stability of the Muslim community in Russia under imperial pressure. In this system, a special role was originally played by the Hajj (Muslim pilgrimage to the holy places in the Hejaz), which the official administration had to reckon with. The aim of the proposed study is to identify socio-political aspects, socio-political conditions, and the specifics of the Hajj implementation in the 19th century. After the analysis of office documentation, travel notes of Muslim pilgrims, and expert assessments of orientalists, the authors concluded that, despite the increasing opposition from the authorities, the significance of the Hajj intensifies in the 19th century. Hajj became not only the factor of opposition to imperial acculturation, but also a channel for presentation the ideas of renewal.

Abstract
The article discusses a range of issues related to the role of the female Muslim factor in the preservation and development of the ethnocultural traditions of Tatar society in the late XIX - XX centuries. The article discusses a range of issues related to the role of the female Muslim factor in the preservation and development of the ethnocultural traditions of Tatar society in the late XIX - XX centuries. The evolution of the ideas of Tatar Muslim theologians about the role of women in the family and society is noted. In the context of the specific changes in the life principles of Russian Muslim women, the content of the dichotomy of cadimism and jadidism is revealed: in the form of rivalry between the obsolete form of religious and cultural life (cadimism), on the one hand, and the renewed system of spiritual values (Jadidism), on the other. The importance of new educational practices in the emancipation of Muslim women is shown. Shows the origins of the formation of social institutions and organizations of Muslim women, the process of changing their traditional way of life and forms of self-identification within the framework of the ethnic and religious tradition. The features of the ethnocultural life of Tatar women under the dictates of the political and ideological system of the Soviet period and the main trends in the manifestation of the female factor in the processes of ethnic and religious revival of the peoples of Russia in the post-Soviet period are highlighted.

The article discusses a range of issues related to the role of the female Muslim factor in the preservation and development of the ethnocultural traditions of Tatar society in the late XIX - XX centuries. The article discusses a range of issues related to the role of the female Muslim factor in the preservation and development of the ethnocultural traditions of Tatar society in the late XIX - XX centuries. The evolution of the ideas of Tatar Muslim theologians about the role of women in the family and society is noted. In the context of the specific changes in the life principles of Russian Muslim women, the content of the dichotomy of cadimism and jadidism is revealed: in the form of rivalry between the obsolete form of religious and cultural life (cadimism), on the one hand, and the renewed system of spiritual values (Jadidism), on the other. The importance of new educational practices in the emancipation of Muslim women is shown. Shows the origins of the formation of social institutions and organizations of Muslim women, the process of changing their traditional way of life and forms of self-identification within the framework of the ethnic and religious tradition. The features of the ethnocultural life of Tatar women under the dictates of the political and ideological system of the Soviet period and the main trends in the manifestation of the female factor in the processes of ethnic and religious revival of the peoples of Russia in the post-Soviet period are highlighted.