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Una parte del proceso de globalización deriva del dinamismo tecnológico de algunos clusters en secto- res tradicionales que les permitiría abrirse al exterior. Así generarían oportunidades para otros clusters y even- tualmente se beneficiarían de la interacción con estos últimos. El artículo ofrece una explicación de este proce- so. Su objetivo es mostrar que la articulación entre la dinámica interna y externa de los clusters vista a través de las relaciones usuario-productor es esencial para explicar la dinámica territorial de los sectores tradicionales, tanto en los clusters líderes como en los clusters periféricos. Para ello se desarrolla un marco teórico evolucio- nista que sitúa las relaciones productor-usuario de maquinaria en el centro de este proceso de articulación local- global. A partir de un estudio longitudinal basado en entrevistas en profundidad, se utiliza este marco para anali- zar la dinámica interna y externa de los clusters citrícola y cerámico de la Comunitat Valenciana (España). Se concluye que mientras que los clusters líderes europeos derivan su poder en las relaciones globales productor- usuario de su capacidad de innovación tecnológica radical, en los clusters emergentes latinoamericanos y asiáti- cos de estos sectores es vital su capacidad tecnológica para desarrollar una industria local de maquinaria.

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Las nuevas teorías del crecimiento económico y los desarrollos en la economía de la salud han planteado, de forma paralela, una relación recíproca entre la salud y el crecimiento. Interrogantes como ¿cuáles son los aportes de la salud al crecimiento económico? Son recientes en la agenda de investigación. El reto está en unir estos esfuerzos y construir un cuerpo teórico que incluya a la salud como un determinante del crecimiento. Este documento es una síntesis teórica que muestra los aportes de la economía de la salud para construir una noción de capital salud, al mismo tiempo que intenta dar respuesta a varios interrogantes: porqué la investigación ha estado ausente en este tema de estudio, cómo esta noción puede ser encajada en la propuesta del crecimiento económico y cuál es el principal modelo desarrollado. Se revisan los aportes de Mushkin (1962), Grossman (1972 y 1999), Barro (1996) y Sen (1999). Palabras Clave: Capital salud, crecimiento económico, economía de la salud, capital humano.

El artículo analiza los incentivos en aseguramiento y uso de servicios de los trabajadores, dependientes e independientes, cuando dichos agentes son heterogéneos en su estado de salud. Metodológicamente, los agentes eligen de manera secuencial el nivel de aseguramiento y uso de servicios que maximicen su utilidad intertemporal bajo incertidumbre sobre su estado de salud. Las estimaciones probit bivariadas muestran una relación positiva entre aseguramiento y estado de salud (selección positiva de riesgos), y aseguramiento e incidencia de enfermedad crónica (selección negativa de riesgos) para el grupo de trabajadores independientes. Para el uso de servicios de salud, dado que es una demanda inducida, el seguro de salud aumenta la probabilidad de uso de consulta externa. Palabras clave: capital salud, demanda de servicios de salud, selección de riesgo. Clasificación JEL: I1, I11, I12. Abstract: This paper analyzes the effect of individual health status on the probability of having health insurance and using health services. From the Colombian Living Standard Survey (1997, 2003), we found that the probability of having health insurance if you are self-employed increases either with the self report of a good health status (cream skimming) or the incidence of a chronic illness (self-selection). However, we do not observe those patterns on the group of self-employed workers. Finally, we found, as the research in the field suggests, that the use of health services increases with the health insurance status. Keywords: capital health, demand of medical care, risk selection. JEL Classification: I1, I11, I12. Résumé: L'article analyse les motivations auxquelles sont soumises les travailleurs dépendants et les travailleurs indépendants concernant l'adhésion à une assurance maladie et l'utilisation des services médicaux lorsqu'ils sont hétérogènes par rapport à leur état de santé. Les agents choisissent de manière séquentielle le niveau d'assurance maladie et l'utilisation des services médicaux qui maximisent leur utilité intertemporelle sous la contrainte d'incertitude sur leur état de santé. Les estimations probit bivariées montrent une relation positive entre l'adhésion à une assurance maladie et l'état de santé (sélection positive des risques), et l'adhésion à une assurance maladie et l'effet entraîné par une maladie chronique (sélection négative des risques) par le groupe des travailleurs indépendants. Maintenant, concernant l'utilisation des services médicaux, on montre que l'adhésion à une assurance maladie augmente la probabilité d'utilisation de la consultation externe puisqu'il s'agit d'une demande induite. Mots clef: capital santé, demande des services de santé, sélection des risques. Classification JEL: I1, I11, I12.

This paper investigates how social networks in poor developing settings are affected by migration. Using a unique household survey from southern Mozambique, we test the role of labour mobility in shaping participation in groups and interhousehold cooperation by migrant‐sending households in village economies at origin. We find that migration cum remittances boosts household engagement in community‐based social networks. Our findings are robust to alternative definitions of social interaction and to endogeneity concerns, suggesting that stable migration ties and higher income stability through remittances may decrease participation constraints and increase household commitment in cooperative arrangements in migrant‐sending communities.

This paper investigates how social networks in poor developing settings are affected by migration. Using a unique household survey from southern Mozambique, we test the role of labour mobility in shaping participation in groups and interhousehold cooperation by migrant-sending households in village economies at origin. We find that migration cum remittances boosts household engagement in community-based social networks. Our findings are robust to alternative definitions of social interaction and to endogeneity concerns, suggesting that stable migration ties and higher income stability through remittances may decrease participation constraints and increase household commitment in cooperative arrangements in migrant-sending communities. © 2013 The London School of Economics and Political Science.

Over one million firms around the world have adopted a Quality Management System (QMS) that conforms to ISO 9001 certification in 2015 and recent figures show that certifications have rapidly increased in emerging economies. ISO 9001 is considered a signal of high quality for products or services in markets with large imported competition or firms competing in international markets. However, implementing ISO 9001 certification entails large costs to companies for documentation of operating procedures, training, internal auditing, and corrective action. The impact of QMS on firm performance is unknown in developing economies and is still under-researched for more developed countries. This paper takes advantage of unique data on the status of certified and non-certified manufacturing firms in Colombia (an emerging economy) and matches it with firm performance. In 2006, the Colombian government launched policies to reduce the cost of adopting certification. We use this change to implement a difference-in-differences specification on panel data of certified and non-certified firms by matching samples at the year 2003, three years before the policy change. This is the most comparable data possible. Our findings suggest that firms that adopt ISO 9001 certification increase labor productivity (measured as added value over labor) by 12 percent, and sales per employee and wages by 8 percent. The effect is larger for firms that adopted certifications two years after the new policies compared with firms that adopted them immediately. The potential mechanism to explain gains in firm performance is human capital because, prior to the changes, firms with more temporary workers could not take advantage of certification

Abstract
Using a simple model to characterize adolescents' behavior, we show that the effect of educational Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs on teenage pregnancy depends on the limits and conditions of the programs. The model shows that when benefits are conditional on school success or when the program has a binding duration limit, the CCT reduces teenage pregnancy rates. Using original data, we estimate this relation for two different CCT programs implemented in Bogotá, Colombia. The two programs differ in that only one of them conditions benefit renewal on school success. The empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the model. Only the program that conditions renewal of the transfer, reduces average teenage pregnancy rates. We also find that, also consistent with our model, the other program reduces teenage pregnancy rates only for those girls for which the duration limit is binding.

Los productores agrícolas y agroindustriales ibéricos, por cuenta de la creciente globalización de los mercados, luchan por evidenciar sus productos en entornos cada vez más competitivos a la vez que, en muchos casos, son también el principal elemento diferenciador de sus territorios de origen y motor de su sostenibilidad. En este artículo, se procede a un análisis de la evolución de las indicaciones geográficas de los productos agroalimentarios de Extremadura (España) y de la Região Centro (Portugal) en cuanto a la evolución de sus estructuras productivas, producción y valor económico durante el periodo entre 2008 y 2018

Over one million firms around the world have adopted a Quality Management System (QMS) that conforms to ISO 9001 certification in 2015 and recent figures show that certifications have rapidly increased in emerging economies. ISO 9001 is considered a signal of high quality for products or services in markets with large imported competition or firms competing in international markets. However, implementing ISO 9001 certification entails large costs to companies for documentation of operating procedures, training, internal auditing, and corrective action. The impact of QMS on firm performance is unknown in developing economies and is still under-researched for more developed countries. This paper takes advantage of unique data on the status of certified and non-certified manufacturing firms in Colombia (an emerging economy) and matches it with firm performance. In 2006, the Colombian government launched policies to reduce the cost of adopting certification. We use this change to implement a difference-in-differences specification on panel data of certified and non-certified firms by matching samples at the year 2003, three years before the policy change. This is the most comparable data possible. Our findings suggest that firms that adopt ISO 9001 certification increase labor productivity (measured as added value over labor) by 12 percent, and sales per employee and wages by 8 percent. The effect is larger for firms that adopted certifications two years after the new policies compared with firms that adopted them immediately. The potential mechanism to explain gains in firm performance is human capital because, prior to the changes, firms with more temporary workers could not take advantage of certification.