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The political economy of defense spending is enormously important given its magnitude and its global implication. Since the late 1990s, world and US military spending has being rising. This trend appears to be in sharp contrast to the long-term forecast about the so-called "peace dividend" formulated after the fall of the Berlin Wall. In order to explain this trend of military expenditures in the United States, the restructuring of the defense sector (in terms of concentration and financialization), the shift from a focus on "defense" to "security," and the role and influence of "vested interests" in this process leading to the creation of the military-security system, are taken into consideration. The relation between social spending and military expenditures is also discussed.JEL Classification: H56, H5, B5, F52, L16

The thesis aims to analyze the relationship between military spending and economic development on the basis of several approaches either theoretical or empirical. This research was proposed to achieve two objectives : the first is the classification of research on the topic of military spending reported to economic development and / or growth for the period from the 1960s and 1970 among the major schools of economic thought, the second, on the contrary, born of the desire to investigate the responses that the literature provided the theoretical modeling and empirical application of military expenditures reported to the growth consisted to conduct critical analysis of the mainstream literature and trying to find answers to unresolved issues and weaknesses identified in the approaches so-called heterodox also providing trails of research for future and further developments. For what concerns the first two objectives, that of classification among the major schools of economic thought, the relevant literature has been divided into two main sections : first, there are works that fall under the neo-classical, secondly, there are the heterodox works. The split between the two sections has been made on the basis of two dimensions : according to the methods used to perform the analysis and depending on the time scale. One of the most important conclusions of the thesis aims at a revaluation of the use of the methodology of input-ouput. ; La thèse vise à analyser les relations entre dépenses militaires et développement économique sur la base de plusieurs approches soit théoriques soit empiriques. Ce travail de recherche s'est proposé d'atteindre deux objectifs : le premier est constitué par la classification des recherches effectuées sur la thématique des dépenses militaires rapportées au développement économique et/ou à la croissance, pour la période qui part des années 1960 et 1970 parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique ; le deuxième, au contraire, né de la volonté d'enquêter sur les réponses que la littérature fournissait à la modélisation théorique et à l'application empirique des dépenses militaires rapportées à la croissance, a consisté à mener l'analyse critique de la littérature mainstream et à tenter de trouver des réponses aux questions non résolues et aux faiblesses repérées dans les approches soi-disant hétérodoxes, en fournissant aussi des pistes de recherche pour des développements futurs et supplémentaires. Pour ce qui concerne le premier des deux objectifs, celui de la classification parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique, la littérature pertinente a été répartie en deux grandes sections : dans la première, il y a les travaux qui relèvent de l'approche néo-classique, tandis que dans la deuxième, on trouve les travaux hétérodoxes. La répartition entre les deux sections a été effectuée sur la base de deux dimensions : en fonction des méthodologies utilisées pour réaliser les analyses et en fonction de l'échelle temporelle. L'une des conclusions les plus importantes de la thèse vise à une réévaluation de l'utilisation de la méthodologie d'input-output

The thesis aims to analyze the relationship between military spending and economic development on the basis of several approaches either theoretical or empirical. This research was proposed to achieve two objectives : the first is the classification of research on the topic of military spending reported to economic development and / or growth for the period from the 1960s and 1970 among the major schools of economic thought, the second, on the contrary, born of the desire to investigate the responses that the literature provided the theoretical modeling and empirical application of military expenditures reported to the growth consisted to conduct critical analysis of the mainstream literature and trying to find answers to unresolved issues and weaknesses identified in the approaches so-called heterodox also providing trails of research for future and further developments. For what concerns the first two objectives, that of classification among the major schools of economic thought, the relevant literature has been divided into two main sections : first, there are works that fall under the neo-classical, secondly, there are the heterodox works. The split between the two sections has been made on the basis of two dimensions : according to the methods used to perform the analysis and depending on the time scale. One of the most important conclusions of the thesis aims at a revaluation of the use of the methodology of input-ouput. ; La thèse vise à analyser les relations entre dépenses militaires et développement économique sur la base de plusieurs approches soit théoriques soit empiriques. Ce travail de recherche s'est proposé d'atteindre deux objectifs : le premier est constitué par la classification des recherches effectuées sur la thématique des dépenses militaires rapportées au développement économique et/ou à la croissance, pour la période qui part des années 1960 et 1970 parmi les principales écoles de la pensée économique ; le deuxième, au contraire, né de la volonté d'enquêter sur les réponses que la ...

This deliverable documents the state of the art of legal frameworks of implementation both in general, but also particularly for D-CENT Digital Social Currency experiments with pilot communities in Spain, Iceland, Finland and the use case in Italy. The richness in contexts of the various pilots is remarkable and is being taken into account as Freecoin software development and systems are rolled out in the last phases of the project. At a glance, only the Spanish and Icelandic regulatory contexts are detailed enough to allow for experimentation within clear boundaries. . In Iceland there is only a single article that remands to the prohibition to issue bonds to the bearer outside the national banking system. Conversely, in Finland, rules are absent, although digital alternative and complementary currencies are not considered as illegal, they just exist in the informal economy. Finally, Italy is on its way to processing regulation in both the legislative and executive. Hence, Freecoin implementation will have to take into account these differences while promoting lawful operations in each pilot specific context in order to empower communities with a long-term viable framework of implementation.

This deliverable documents the state of the art of legal frameworks of implementation both in general, but also particularly for D-CENT Digital Social Currency experiments with pilot communities in Spain, Iceland, Finland and the use case in Italy. The richness in contexts of the various pilots is remarkable and is being taken into account as Freecoin software development and systems are rolled out in the last phases of the project. At a glance, only the Spanish and Icelandic regulatory contexts are detailed enough to allow for experimentation within clear boundaries. . In Iceland there is only a single article that remands to the prohibition to issue bonds to the bearer outside the national banking system. Conversely, in Finland, rules are absent, although digital alternative and complementary currencies are not considered as illegal, they just exist in the informal economy. Finally, Italy is on its way to processing regulation in both the legislative and executive. Hence, Freecoin implementation will have to take into account these differences while promoting lawful operations in each pilot specific context in order to empower communities with a long-term viable framework of implementation.