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Ao longo da Primeira República, o Exército brasileiro perseguia sua modernização. Esta era dificultada pelo atraso econômico, científico e industrial do país. O ganho de autonomia defensiva estaria condicionado à importação de equipamentos militares e a contratação de uma missão de ensino estrangeira. Potências econômicas e bélicas europias percebiam que o atendimento às demandas da corporação armada poderia abrir o crescente mercado brasileiro para outros produtos industriais. A disputa em torno do envio da missão estrangeira duraria cerca de dez anos. Em 1919, a contratação da Missão Militar Francesa daria de forma permanente o estímulo para a modernização e aperfeiçoamento profissional do Exército brasileiro.

Durante o Estado Novo, alguns oficiais superiores com mais preparo intelectual, sensibilidade política e responsabilidades institucionais, como Góes Monteiro e Eurico Dutra, buscaram fundamentar solidamente as demandas corporativas. Lendo atentamente seus posicionamentos públicos, é possível captar a percepção predominante no Exército acerca dos múltiplos entraves e possibilidades ao desenvolvimento industrial brasileiro, notadamente em seus aspectos mais próximos do interesse militar. Para esses oficiais era impossível dissociar defesa de desenvolvimento tecnocientífico, educação e indústria. Roberto Simonsen compartilharia parte dessa visão. Para o economista, a indústria desempenharia papel decisivo no esforço de guerra.

Abstract This article is based on the premise that the increasing human interaction in cyberspace elevates it to the level of a strategic domain and, as such, raises theoretical and practical challenges for International Relations. It is founded on an epistemological reflection on the fundamental assumptions of the paradigms that permeate International Relations. The main objective is to conceptualise cyberspace as the strategic domain in the 21st century, as well as to develop an analytical framework that will both provide evidence and investigate the resilience of the foundations of current International Relations, these being specifically, the following precepts: i) sovereignty based on territoriality, ii) state monopoly of power, and iii) accountability between international actors. With this in mind, the approach refers to defence documentation and scientific sources in order to reach a definition that will characterise cyberspace, considering its technical, scientific and strategic aspects. At the same time, the bibliographic work underpins the development of the analytical tool known as the Fundamental Conceptual Trinity of Cyberspace, based on the characteristics of the cyberspace domain: i) deterritoriality, ii) multiplicity of actors, and iii) uncertainty.

Abstract This article is based on the premise that the increasing human interaction in cyberspace elevates it to the level of a strategic domain and, as such, raises theoretical and practical challenges for International Relations. It is founded on an epistemological reflection on the fundamental assumptions of the paradigms that permeate International Relations. The main objective is to conceptualise cyberspace as the strategic domain in the 21st century, as well as to develop an analytical framework that will both provide evidence and investigate the resilience of the foundations of current International Relations, these being specifically, the following precepts: i) sovereignty based on territoriality, ii) state monopoly of power, and iii) accountability between international actors. With this in mind, the approach refers to defence documentation and scientific sources in order to reach a definition that will characterise cyberspace, considering its technical, scientific and strategic aspects. At the same time, the bibliographic work underpins the development of the analytical tool known as the Fundamental Conceptual Trinity of Cyberspace, based on the characteristics of the cyberspace domain: i) deterritoriality, ii) multiplicity of actors, and iii) uncertainty.

With a view towards the defense of their vital spaces (South Atlantic) and seeking greater international prominence, Brazil has intensified its relations with the African continent. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the bilateral relations between Brazil and both South Africa and Angola, highlighting these relationships effects on the maintenance of security in the South Atlantic. It is studied the growing interconnection between the foreign policy and the Brazilian defense policy, the military cooperation agreements and joint naval exercises.

In March 2019, Nicolás Maduro claimed that the blackout in Venezuela was caused by U.S. cyber-attacks. This statement was promptly denied by Mike Pompeo, the U.S. Secretary of State. Irrespective of the truth of Maduro's allegation, this episode highlights the diplomatic challenges for states in the contemporary information environment, in which contested narratives proliferate and embed themselves more durably because of the deterritoriality and disintermediation of the Internet. This is particularly true in the context of an emerging pattern of state actors conducting cyber operations against critical infrastructure in other states. The cumulative impact of these different strands is that states will likely struggle to control the perception of their intentions in the cyber domain, not only amongst governments but across the many national audiences that comprise the global public sphere. Focusing on Maduro's allegation, this article analyses the political utility of cyber uncertainty, and its corresponding implications for states' cyber strategies and decisionmaking.

The COVID-19 pandemic, while demanding social distancing, imposes approximation and coordination of efforts by public and private entities through the Internet and digital services. This article analyzes the use and operationalization of cyberspace by the public administration in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. It presents a diagnosis of the vulnerabilities and challenges related to this growing operationalization. The public administration began to operationalize cyberspace more vigorously from the 1990s, with e-government. Inter-governmental and governmental coordination strategies imposed by the current situation would be impossible without the intensification of the operationalization of cyberspace by the public administration apparatus, which transposes unusual and even unprecedented practices and actions to the digital domain. Given its artificiality, cyberspace can only be operated by those with the means to do so. Cyber-democratization comes up against the digital divide. The current need for social distancing highlights technical and socio-economic challenges arising from the transposition of the public administration apparatus into cyberspace. ; Por exigir aislamiento social, la pandemia de COVID-19 impone la aproximación y coordinación de esfuerzos de las entidades públicas y privadas por medio de Internet y de los servicios digitales. El artículo analiza el uso y operacional actual del ciberespacio por parte de la Administración Pública en la lucha contra el virus SARS-CoV-2 y presenta un diagnóstico de las vulnerabilidades y desafíos relacionados con esta creciente utilización operacional. La administración pública comenzó a usar el ciberespacio con mayor ahínco desde la década de 1990, momento en que surgió el e-government. Las estrategias de coordinación (inter)gubernamental impuestas por la situación actual serían imposibles sin la intensificación de la utilización operacional del ciberespacio por parte del aparato administrativo público, que transpone al dominio digital prácticas y acciones poco usuales o inéditas. Dada su artificialidad, el ciberespacio solo puede ser operado por quienes tienen los medios para hacerlo. La "democratización" cibernética choca con la exclusión digital. El aislamiento social actual destaca los desafíos técnicos y socioeconómicos derivados de la transposición del aparato de la administración pública al ciberespacio. ; A pandemia da COVID-19, por demandar isolamento social, impõe aproximação e coordenação de esforços de entes públicos e privados por intermédio da Internet e dos serviços digitais. O artigo analisa o uso e a operacionalização do ciberespaço pela Administração Pública no combate ao SARS-CoV-2 e apresenta um diagnóstico das vulnerabilidades e desafios referentes a essa crescente operacionalização. A administração pública passou a operacionalizar o ciberespaço com mais afinco a partir da década de 1990, com o e-government. Estratégias de coordenação (inter)governamental impostas pela atual conjuntura seriam impossíveis sem a intensificação da operacionalização do ciberespaço pelo aparato administrativo público, que transpõe para o domínio digital práticas e ações pouco usuais ou mesmo inéditas. Dada sua artificialidade, o ciberespaço só pode ser operacionalizado por detentores de meios para tal. A "democratização" cibernética esbarra na exclusão digital. O atual isolamento social evidencia desafios técnicos e socioeconômicos decorrentes da transposição do aparato de administração pública para o ciberespaço.