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PurposeWhereas motivation and coordination losses in teams have been investigated for quite some time, systematic research on performance gains in teams (often called "synergetic effects") only emerged recently. The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the concept of process gains (or synergy) in teams, and to introduce recent findings from basic psychology that can be very valuable for the management of high performing teams.Design/methodology/approachBased on the definition of synergy as process gain during teamwork compared with a clear baseline (team potential), this review develops specific requirements for the empirical demonstration of synergetic effects in teams. Moreover, a brief history of research on process gains in teams is provided, followed by an outlook on current and future trends in this field.FindingsAlthough this research is still in its pioneering days, various triggers of process gains in teams have been already derived theoretically and/or demonstrated empirically, among them social support from fellow team members, perceived indispensability for the team outcome, the development and/or selection of experts for task and team processes, use of multiple perspectives and information, team learning, and social identification processes.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the preconditions and underlying mechanisms of process gains in teams enables managers to trigger performance levels of teams that exceed what can be expected based on the individual team members' capabilities alone. Moreover, the estimation of a team's potential provides a helpful standard for the assessment of the ongoing team performance.Originality/valueProcess gains in teams and related laboratory research have been largely neglected in the managerial literature so far. This paper and the current special issue are among the first to introduce a clear definition of process gains in teams, and to suggest concrete trigger factors of synergetic effects in teams based on systematic research.

Abstract This article presents the political and educational context where homogeneous education is asked and the diverse is introduced. Consequently, it develops three elements that prevent from the construction of pedagogical spaces with the difference: origin of the school, prevailing of the speech of diversity over the one of the difference, and ignorance of sensitive aspects about the relation to the other. Finally, it is argued for the deep changes in these three aspects and how educational work with the difference enriches the pedagogical practice. ; Este artículo presenta el contexto político y educativodonde se cuestiona la educación homogénea y se introduce lo diverso. Posteriormente, desarrolla tres elementos que limitan la construcción de espacios pedagógicos con la diferencia: el origen de la escuela, la prevalencia del discurso de la diversidad sobre el de la diferencia y el desconocimiento de aspectos sensibles en la relación con el otro. Finalmente, se argumenta a favor de cambios profundos en estos tres aspectos. ; Resumo Neste artigo apresenta-se o contexto educacional e político no qual se questiona a educação homogênea e se introduze a diversidade. Posteriormente, se explicam três elementos que limitam a construção espaços de ensino na diferença: a origem da escola, a prevalência do discurso da diversidade sobre o discurso da diferença e o desconhecimento de aspectos sensíveis na relação com o outro. Finalmente, se defende a introdução de profundas mudanças nestes aspectos e a idéia de que o trabalho educativo com a diferença enriquece a prática pedagógica.

When Italy unified in 1861, America was emerging as a world power, and advances in communication allowed Italians a view of American life to which they could aspire. America in Italian Culture traces this huge cultural shift, looking at how US fiction, comics, music, and film came to dominate Italian culture, even as the countries went to war.

ContentsAnthropocene and Cosmopolitan Citizenship: An Essay on European Foreign PolicyChapter 1 - An Emerging Political Ideology: FederalismChapter 2 - An Emerging Political Ideology: EcologismChapter 3 - The Post-Westphalian DisorderChapter 4 - The Failure of InternationalismChapter 5 - Peace, War and the Evolution of FederalismChapter 6 - Security as a Global Public GoodChapter 7 - Europe, Patriotism and CosmopolitanismChapter 8 - Money and Finance as Global Public GoodsChapter 9 - The Earth ConstitutionChapter 10 - Europe and Cosmopolitan CitizenshipConclusionReferencesIndex

"All human societies, from prehistory through to today, have been characterized by some degree of economic inequality. Arguably, complex societies would not have thrived if they had been unable to concentrate and redistribute resources effectively. We frequently talk about the top 5% or 1% today but, as Guido Alfani explains in this book, concerns about the rich and super-rich and their potential to influence contemporary politics and society are nothing new - just take the Medici family and Renaissance Tuscany as one example. The medieval theologian Nicole Oresme's fear of the super-rich individual acting "as God among men" resonates with much of what present-day economist Thomas Piketty cautioned against in his landmark Capital in the Twentieth Century. As Gods Among Men represents the first scholarly attempt to provide a general overview of role and significance of the rich and the super-rich in the long run of history. With a focus on the West, particularly Europe and North America, Alfani's research spans a thousand years of history. He draws from a wealth of comparative data, as well as insights gleaned from the latest research in economic history, sociology, and anthropology, to show how society's problematic relationship with the super-rich cannot be fully understood without a careful analysis of the ways in which they have built their enormous wealth, and how they have used that wealth to gain influence. Alfani highlights important aspects of their behavior, such as their attitudes toward saving and consumption, or their propensity to act as patrons of the arts and of the sciences or as benefactors of the weakest part of society, to build up a profile of the richest members of our society and to trace patterns throughout history, underlining elements of both continuity and change over the period."

Is it possible to identify models of self-representation characteristic of rural lords in 14th-15th century Italy? Are these models common to the whole of the Peninsula, from the Alps to Sicily? What are their main features and their privileged channels of transmission? What relations do they have with the city-communal world on one hand, and princely cultures on the other? In order to answer these questions, the essay examines the use of a shared courtly culture, the importance of genealogical celebrations, the patronage and cultural enterprise of the lords and the growth of their direct intellectual dynamism, ending with the renewed importance of the castle in the cultural and social self-representation of the 15th-century lords.

Aktuell ist die 4-Tage-Woche in aller Munde. Politiker:innen, Gewerkschaften und selbsternannte Expert:innen fordern ihre pauschale Einführung. Ausschlaggebend dafür sind die Ergebnisse von Studien aus Island, Japan und UK. Kaum jemand hat sich jedoch mit den Studien im Detail jedoch auseinandergesetzt und auf viele Unternehmen ist die 4-Tage-Woche nicht 1:1 übertragbar. Der renommierte Arbeitszeitexperte Guido Zander gehört zu den 40 führenden HR-Köpfen (Auszeichnung 2023). Ihm geht es darum, die 4-Tage-Woche realistisch und differenziert mit allen Vor- und Nachteilen zu betrachten. In seinem Buch beschreibt er, unter welchen Bedingungen die 4-Tage-Woche funktioniert, welche Effekte zu erwarten sind und wo aber auch die Grenzen liegen. Zudem stellt er praxistaugliche Alternativen zur 4-Tage-Woche vor, die deutlich flexibler sind und ähnlich positive Effekte aufweisen. Anhand von realen Praxisbeispielen zeigt er, wie Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung in unterschiedlichen Branchen gestaltet und umgesetzt werden kann. Guido Zander weist eindrücklich darauf hin, dass flexible Arbeitszeiten und eine Unternehmenskultur, in der sich die Mitarbeitenden wohlfühlen, die eigentlichen Themen von Unternehmen sind. Die pauschale Einführung der 4-Tage-Woche ohne diese Flexibilitätsmöglichkeiten bringt uns nicht weiter. Ein wegweisendes Buch und wichtige Diskussionsgrundlage, um das aktuelle Thema richtig bewerten zu können. Mit Vorworten von Thomas Sattelberger und Cawa Younosi. Inhalte: - Mögliche Ausprägungen einer 4-Tage-Woche: Arbeitszeitverdichtung bei vollem Lohnausgleich, Arbeitszeitreduktion mit und ohne vollem Lohnausgleich - Voraussetzungen für die 4-Tage-Woche: Bedarfstyp, Öffnungs- bzw. Betriebszeit, Art der Tätigkeit, Höhe der Wochenarbeitszeit, Wettbewerbssituation sowie Ausgangsproduktivität, Profitabilität und Größe der Unternehmen - Zu erwartende Auswirkungen auf Produktivität, Mitarbeitendenzufriedenheit, Krankenquote, Arbeitgeberattraktivität, Fachkräftemangel und Energieverbrauch - Die Studienlage zur 4-Tage-Woche: Microsoft Japan, Island, UK-Studie - Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung als Alternative - Umsetzungsbeispiele für flexible ArbeitszeitverkürzungDie digitale und kostenfreie Ergänzung zu Ihrem Buch auf myBook+: - Zugriff auf ergänzende Materialien und Inhalte - E-Book direkt online lesen im Browser - Persönliche Fachbibliothek mit Ihren BüchernJetzt nutzen auf mybookplus.de.