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This book explores the conditions that encourage non-violent civic engagement in emerging civil societies. Gürbüz examines the radical transformations over the past decade in the politics of Turkey's Kurdish minority. On the eve of the new millennium, the Turkish state was still openly denying the existence of Kurds, calling them "mountain Turks," and Kurdish populated cities were ruled under martial law. Kurdish politics in Turkey was dominated by a revolutionary movement, the PKK, which engaged in violent clashes with the state. Less than a decade later, the PKK's rebellion had all but ended, and Kurdish political and civic movements of numerous stripes had emerged. The Turkish state even introduced an official Kurdish-language TV channel. How did this rapid change occur? Gürbüz proposes that contending social movements has transformed the politics of the region, ushering in an era of post-conflict political and cultural competition.

This book explores the conditions that encourage non-violent civic engagement in emerging civil societies. Gürbüz examines the radical transformations over the past decade in the politics of Turkey's Kurdish minority. On the eve of the new millennium, the Turkish state was still openly denying the existence of Kurds, calling them "mountain Turks," and Kurdish populated cities were ruled under martial law. Kurdish politics in Turkey was dominated by a revolutionary movement, the PKK, which engaged in violent clashes with the state. Less than a decade later, the PKK's rebellion had all but ended, and Kurdish political and civic movements of numerous stripes had emerged. The Turkish state even introduced an official Kurdish-language TV channel. How did this rapid change occur? Gürbüz proposes that contending social movements has transformed the politics of the region, ushering in an era of post-conflict political and cultural competition ; English

Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Ethnic Conflict and Social Movements -- A Multi-Institutional Politics Approach -- What Makes a Kurdish Activist -- The Argument of the Book -- How Does Meaning-Making Matter? -- Organization of the Book -- 2. Kurdish Movements in the Southeast -- The Kurdish Ethno-Nationalist Movement -- Hizbullah in Turkey -- The Gülen/Hizmet Movement -- Locating the Pro-Islamic AKP -- 3. Exogenous Shocks on the Eve of the Millennium -- Abdullah Öcalan: The Role of the PKK Leader in Shaping Kurdish Politics -- The EU Factor: Turkey's Membership Process and De-Securitization -- Changing International Political Environment -- The Rise of the AKP: Radical Shifts in Turkish Politics -- 4. Civic Competition and Conflict Transformation -- Emerging Arenas of Competition in the Kurdish Civic Sphere -- Arenas of Competition and Strategy-Making -- 5. Resemblance and Difference -- Constructing Kurdish Civil Society -- Why Charity Organizations? -- Exogenous Shocks: Increasing Poverty and the Emergence of Kurdish Slums -- Constructing Competition through Resemblance: The Charity Initiatives -- "Education is Our Job": The Gülen Movement Goes to Slums -- Namûsa Me Azadîya Me Ye: The Democratic Free Women's Movement -- Religious Public Symbolism: Hizbullah Finds Its Niche -- Civic Activism and Conflict Transformation -- 6. Going Native -- Contesting Kurdish Islam -- Revolutionary Ideology as a Discursive Process -- The Kurdish Ethno-Nationalist Movement, Islamic Identity, and Symbolic Localization -- Symbolic Localization and Conflict Transformation -- 7. Îslam Çareser e -- Islamic Activists Discover Kurdish -- Increasing Competition over Kurdish Language -- Hizbullah: From Ayatollah Khomeini to Said Nursi -- HÜDA-PAR: Calling the Party of God in Kurdish -- 8. Enemies of the "Deep State."

Revolutionary ideologies such as Marxism and Islamism often aim to transform dominant local structures, leading their proponents to find themselves torn between global ideologies and local politics. A critical question arises: What does happen when a revolutionary movement's ideology drastically contradicts with the movement's local pragmatic purposes? AnalyzingKurdistan Workers' Party(PKK) in Turkey, this article explores the complex process of ideological transformation under the forces of local competition. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogic approach, I introduce the concept ofsymbolic localizationto understand how revolutionary ideologies evolve through pragmatic concerns. Symbolic localization refers to a discursive process of collective reputation work in which social movement activists blend local cultural repertoires and their "we" identity in order to build recognition, legitimacy, and prestige in the eyes of local population. Three major mechanisms of the symbolic localization process are identified: moral authority building, public symbolism, and memory work.Symbolic localizationsuggests analyzing movement ideology as a discursive process and illuminates how political activists are shaped byrelationallocal engagements.

Governments have put in place instruments to control the transit of goods and ensure that national regulatory frameworks are followed by transport companies, in particular to ensure revenue collection and reduce security risks, e.g., violation of import/export restrictions, money laundering, evasion of local taxes or duties, etc. Nevertheless, many of these instruments are known to bring additional burdens to companies. In this chapter, these burdens are analyzed under the form of financial and operational risks. The results, based on a case study of intermodal transport (road and sea) performed across five countries in the BSEC region (Serbia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, and Azerbaijan), show which cross-border financial instruments could be more convenient for companies. In addition, the study highlights the presence of hidden risks that should be considered when choosing among available options. ; QC 20190304