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This essay deals with several questions concerning the rights and responsibilities of science and scientists in situations of war and warlike conditions. Are principles of scientific freedom -- such as freedom of movement to meet other scientists, to exchange information and research materials with colleagues abroad and the publish -- at all possible to argue for under such conditions? If other direct threats are immediate such as lethal threats to the scientists themselves and their institutions, do scientists and science communities have any special privileges relative to any other citizens in these respects? These questions are difficult, partially because war and warlike conditions can signify very different situations. Within the International Council of Science, such discussions have often focused on the possibility of invoking the Principle of the Universality of Science: freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data and research materials. Adapted from the source document.