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ABSTRACTDesirable improvements in college‐level accounting pedagogy are now possible through the use of computer science technology that provides efficient student input using optical scanners or mark‐sense cards and permits information retrieval using direct access storage devices. Optimum application of this technology requires that students receive error analyses capable of increasing their level of retained knowledge and that instructors receive output which identifies student strengths as well as emerging weaknesses. Instructor output should also provide data for statistical evaluation of class sections.We have developed the COMPACT system in attempting to meet these needs. Our article deleneates the minimum computer configuration as well as the one currently in use. We discuss the contents of student and instructor feedback. Through examples we show the role of the input error analysis routines and demonstrate the use and current limitations of these routines in their ability to provide algorithmic error analysis. We then illustrate a heuristic set which, under certain circumstances, is required to analyze multi‐entry transactions occuring as subsets of student problem solution input. We conclude by indicating the probable extentions of our system both in terms of subject matter and computer hardware.

BackgroundOveruse accounts for 82% of injuries in military personnel, and these occur predominantly in the spine and low limbs. While non-linear analyses have shown changes in overall stability of the movement during load carriage, individual joint contributions have not been studied. The concept of entropy compensation between task, organism and environmental constraints is studied at a joint level.Research QuestionThe aim of this study was to investigate whether using different methods of loading by military personnel would have an effect on the sample entropy of the joint ranges of motion.MethodsEleven male reserve infantry army soldiers (age: 22  2 years; height: 1.80  0.06 m; mass: 89.3  14.4 kg) walked an outdoor, 800m course under 5 load conditions: unloaded, 15kg backpack, 25kg backpack, 15kg webbing and backpack and 25kg webbing and backpack.Kinematic data was recorded at 240Hz using the Xsens motion capture system. The ranges of motion (ROM) of the spine, hips and knee were calculated for each gait cycle. Mean ROM, coefficient of variation of the ROM and the sample entropy of the ROM were compared between conditions.ResultsSpine side flexion ROM decreased significantly from the control condition in all loaded conditions, while sample entropy of the spine side flexion ROM increased in some conditions with no significant change in Coefficient of Variation (CV). Conversely, the hip flexion ROM increased significantly from the control, while sample entropy of the hip flexion ROM decreased.SignificanceThese results suggest that entropy compensation may propagate at a joint level. Understanding that a decrease in certainty with which a joint angle is selected, may be accompanied by an increase at a neighbouring joint. This could be significant in monitoring injuries as a result of environmental or task constraints.

Background: Overuse accounts for 82% of injuries in military personnel, and these occur predominantly in the spine and low limbs. While non-linear analyses have shown changes in overall stability of the movement during load carriage, individual joint contributions have not been studied. The concept of entropy compensation between task, organism and environmental constraints is studied at a joint level. Research Question: The aim of this study was to investigate whether using different methods of loading by military personnel would have an effect on the sample entropy of the joint ranges of motion. Methods: Eleven male reserve infantry army soldiers (age: 22  2 years; height: 1.80  0.06 m; mass: 89.3  14.4 kg) walked an outdoor, 800m course under 5 load conditions: unloaded, 15kg backpack, 25kg backpack, 15kg webbing and backpack and 25kg webbing and backpack. Kinematic data was recorded at 240Hz using the Xsens motion capture system. The ranges of motion (ROM) of the spine, hips and knee were calculated for each gait cycle. Mean ROM, coefficient of variation of the ROM and the sample entropy of the ROM were compared between conditions. Results: Spine side flexion ROM decreased significantly from the control condition in all loaded conditions, while sample entropy of the spine side flexion ROM increased in some conditions with no significant change in Coefficient of Variation (CV). Conversely, the hip flexion ROM increased significantly from the control, while sample entropy of the hip flexion ROM decreased. Significance: These results suggest that entropy compensation may propagate at a joint level. Understanding that a decrease in certainty with which a joint angle is selected, may be accompanied by an increase at a neighbouring joint. This could be significant in monitoring injuries as a result of environmental or task constraints.