DURING THE LAST 25 YEARS, CAPITAL HAS BEEN ABLE TO EXPAND AND INTERNATIONALIZE, FIRST BY STRENGTHENING AND THEN BY ERODING THE POWERS OF THE NATION STATE. DURING THE NEXT 25 YEARS WE CAN EXPECT A RESPONSE BY LABOR AND OTHER GROUPS TO ERODE THE POWER OF CAPITAL, IN THE US PROBABLY IN THE FORM OF A LABOR PARTY, IN EUROPE MOST LIKELY THROUGH THE CLOSER UNION BETWEEN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC AND COMMUNIST PARTIES.
"The peasant" is consistently cited as an obstacle to economic development in Africa. He is unwilling, it is said, to alter traditional practices and behavior, and is thus unable to take advantage of economic opportunities. As Stephen Enke puts it, "The resource in shortest supply, in most backward but developing countries, is officials who can argue ordinary people into forsaking tradition and risking new ways." And E. S. Mason has stressed the complexity of "the process by which a group of tribally organized and self-sufficient peasants, sowing and reaping in accordance with age old traditions and possessing limited and easily satisfied wants, become a collection of risk-taking individuals, responsive to price and income incentives, and interested in conserving their land and improving its productivity." In numerous instances, however, African farmers have rapidly accepted new crops and new techniques and have shown a high propensity to innovate, to accept risk, and to invest well in advance of returns. The sharp increases in the production of export crops show this to be true. Between 1919 and 1959, exports of Ghana (Gold Coast) rose 838 per cent, those of Nigeria 955 per cent, and those of (former) French West Africa 1,031 per cent. In all three cases, radical shifts in crop pattern and new practices in cultivation, planting, and harvesting were involved.
