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Analyses of 1880 Census samples of 21-plus male citizens show a turnout of 50% to 69% for California, but nearly 90% for Ohio. Registration was required in California in 1866. A sample of 690 names from the June 1880 Census was checked against the "Alameda County Great Register," October 1880, and 51% were found to be registered. Of the 12,359 registered, 80% actually voted. Thus, the Alameda turnout of potentially eligible voters was probably below 50%. On the other hand, a 100% sample of eligible males in Clay Township, Highland County, Ohio (N = 342), June 1880, checked against the 1880 Poll Book (list of actual voters, compiled at the end of election day) showed a turnout of 87.7%. Burnham's and others' assertion of high turnouts 1876 to 1896 is supported with respect to Ohio, but unsupported with respect to California; these findings are contrary to Burnham's belief that in 1876–1896 there was "a concentration of participation in the most densely populated and socioeconomically developed parts of the country"; the effects of the first registration laws may have been greater than the 10% currently estimated, but we need to find and use individual-level data to sharpen estimates from aggregate data.

Pol'al att's are defined as relatively enduring orientations toward the structures, roles, processes, & policies of governance. 3 approaches to the study of att's are reviewed: survey res, deductive speculation from psychol'al theory, & exp'tion could be done in realistic settings using participant observation & what H. Lasswell calls prototyping. The argument is made that most Amer's do not have pol'al att's, just as they do not have pol'al belief systems (ideologies). Pol'al opinions abound, but are held to be psychol'al epiphenomena for most adults. Finally, res is encouraged in (1) 'mapping' the existence of att's & belief systems; (2) the dynamics of individual elite attitude change, the aggregation of attitude change, & the creation of pol'al att's; & (3) policy linkages with pol'al att's under various environmental & input conditions. AA.