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While the competitiveness of the Sri Lanka’s tea is declining in the global market, it is very important for Sri Lankan tea to evidently identify the reasons for declining competitiveness and how Sri Lanka can face this challenge fulfilling the demand of global market. The Sri Lankan tea industry has lost its market leadership position in the global market. With declining production, increasing cost of production, low farm productivity and price competition in the international market, Sri Lankan tea industry has lost its competitive advantage. Secondary data and primary data have been used for this study. 53 interviews have been conducted for this study in Sri Lanka and in India. Despite the fact that Sri Lanka is one of the major producers of tea, the local tea industry does not earn enough to be viable. Global consumers are paying more than ten times the price received by the Sri Lankan producers. The value addition is taking place in the consuming countries and the economic benefits of higher price for value added tea products go to the consuming countries. In this context the viability of the Sri Lankan tea industry makes it imperative to adopt production of value-added tea products, promoting local brands in the global market and marketing the products in the international market. The government should also provide further supports to this tea industry to be uplifted in the country.

National audience ; Limiting direct emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) by households is an important factor for achieving reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and European policy. The two main sources of emissions are, in descending order, housing and commuting between home and the workplace or place of study. Average housing-related emissions are 3,150 kg of CO2 per year, reaching 4,200 kg of CO2 per year in mountain and semicontinental climates. Individual houses in urban centres, often old and with fuel-oil heating, emit more CO2 than peri-urban dwellings, which are more recent and often have 100% electric heating. Conversely, emissions from commuting are higher in peri-urban areas, where the needs for transport are greater but less transport services are on offer. ; Pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre conformément à l'accord de Kyoto et à la politique de l'Union européenne, il est important de limiter les émissions directes de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) des ménages. Les deux sources principales de ces émissions sont, par ordre d'importance décroissante, les logements et les navettes vers le lieu de travail ou d'études. Les logements émettent en moyenne 3 150 kg de CO2 par an ; les émissions atteignent 4 200 kg de CO2 par an sous les climats montagnard et semi-continental. Les maisons individuelles des pôles urbains, souvent anciennes et chauffées au fioul, émettent plus de CO2 que celles du périurbain, plus récentes et souvent dotées d'un chauffage 100 % électrique. À l'inverse, les émissions liées aux navettes sont plus importantes dans le périurbain, où les besoins de transport sont importants mais l'offre de services de transports réduite.

Pour réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre conformément à l'accord de Kyoto et à la politique de l'Union européenne, il est important de limiter les émissions directes de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) des ménages. Les deux sources principales de ces émissions sont, par ordre d'importance décroissante, les logements et les navettes vers le lieu de travail ou d'études. Les logements émettent en moyenne 3 150 kg de CO2 par an ; les émissions atteignent 4 200 kg de CO2 par an sous les climats montagnard et semi-continental. Les maisons individuelles des pôles urbains, souvent anciennes et chauffées au fioul, émettent plus de CO2 que celles du périurbain, plus récentes et souvent dotées d'un chauffage 100 % électrique. À l'inverse, les émissions liées aux navettes sont plus importantes dans le périurbain, où les besoins de transport sont importants mais l'offre de services de transports réduite. ; Limiting direct emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) by households is an important factor for achieving reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol and European policy. The two main sources of emissions are, in descending order, housing and commuting between home and the workplace or place of study. Average housing-related emissions are 3,150 kg of CO2 per year, reaching 4,200 kg of CO2 per year in mountain and semicontinental climates. Individual houses in urban centres, often old and with fuel-oil heating, emit more CO2 than peri-urban dwellings, which are more recent and often have 100% electric heating. Conversely, emissions from commuting are higher in peri-urban areas, where the needs for transport are greater but less transport services are on offer.

Sur une grande partie du territoire métropolitain, villes et campagnes font système et échangent quotidiennement des ressources. Néanmoins, certains espaces restent en creux du maillage urbain, qu'il soit principal ou secondaire. Cet éloignement peut être à l'origine de désavantages dans de nombreuses dimensions de l'existence et c'est de ces ruptures dans l'accès aux avantages urbains que traite ce chapitre. L'éclairage proposé est organisé en trois temps. La première section situe les espaces ruraux dans une France urbaine et rappelle leurs principales caractéristiques. La deuxième section identifie les zones enclavées et en dresse le portrait. La dernière section expose quelques réflexions sur les fondements éthiques de l'action politique et examine, à l'aune de trois grandes valeurs sociales que sont la responsabilité, l'efficacité et le besoin, le rôle des pouvoirs publics en matière de désenclavement.

Sur une grande partie du territoire métropolitain, villes et campagnes font système et échangent quotidiennement des ressources. Néanmoins, certains espaces restent en creux du maillage urbain, qu'il soit principal ou secondaire. Cet éloignement peut être à l'origine de désavantages dans de nombreuses dimensions de l'existence et c'est de ces ruptures dans l'accès aux avantages urbains que traite ce chapitre. L'éclairage proposé est organisé en trois temps. La première section situe les espaces ruraux dans une France urbaine et rappelle leurs principales caractéristiques. La deuxième section identifie les zones enclavées et en dresse le portrait. La dernière section expose quelques réflexions sur les fondements éthiques de l'action politique et examine, à l'aune de trois grandes valeurs sociales que sont la responsabilité, l'efficacité et le besoin, le rôle des pouvoirs publics en matière de désenclavement.

Nous présentons un modèle théorique dans lequel des ménages consomment une aménité climatique, où le climat modifie leur goût pour un mode de vie extérieur (effet barbecue) et où le prix unitaire des migrations alternantes dépend du climat (effet verglas). Des prédictions théoriques sont tirées de ce modèle sur le gradient de rente foncière et sur l'étalement des villes. Elles sont testées par des modèles économétriques qui prennent en compte un biais de sélection et l'endogénéité de régresseurs, à partir des enquêtes Logement de l'Insee. Les résultats montrent que la température a un prix hédoniste positif, que là où le climat est plus chaud les aires urbaines sont plus étendues et que les gradients de rente foncière sont plus plats. Par conséquent, dans le cas d'un pays tempéré comme la France, l'étalement urbain et le réchauffement climatique se renforcent mutuellement, dans un cercle vicieux pour l'environnement.

In this paper, we test to what extent Food Quality Schemes (FQS, including Geographical Indications and organic products) contribute to the social and economic sustainability of farmers and regions through employment and education. Through employment, FQS may counter the urban migration trend affecting rural regions, and help retain economic and social capital in the local region. Indeed, as FQS are often small and specialised sectors, the economic inefficiency of such businesses may translated into greater employment and social sustainability. Separately, by requiring a higher-level of quality and hence skills, FQS may encourage greater local educational attainment or skilled immigration. To test these propositions, we analyse the employment and educational outcomes of 25 FQS. Our results show that the FQS products examined have a 13% higher labour usage (labour-to-production ratio) compared to reference products, indicating that they provide greater employment. Additionally, wage levels are 32% higher in FQS compared to references. Despite providing greater employment and higher wages, profitability of FQS (i.e. how much turnover/profit is generated per employee) is nevertheless 32% higher for FQS compared to reference products, due to the ability to attract higher product prices. Finally, there is no clear link between FQS and greater (or lower) education attainment in the supply chain. Overall, our results suggest that FQS can provide a strong contribution to local employment, employee income and business profits, strengthening the social and economic sustainability of producers and regions. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 678024. ; publishedVersion

Abstract
The dataset Sustainability performance of certified and non-certified food (https://www.doi.org/10.15454/OP51SJ) contains 25 indicators of economic, environmental, and social performance, estimated for 27 certified food value chains and their 27 conventional reference products. The indicators are estimated at different levels of the value chain: farm level, processing level, and retail level. It also contains the raw data based on which the indicators are estimated, its source, and the completed spreadsheet calculators for the following indicators: carbon footprint and food miles. This article describes the common method and indicators used to collect data for the twenty-seven certified products and their conventional counterparts. It presents the assumptions and choices, the process of data collection, and the indicator estimation methods designed to assess the three sustainability dimensions within a reasonable time constraint. That is: three person-months for each food quality scheme and its non-certified reference product. Several prioritisations were set regarding data collection (indicator, variable, value chain level) together with a level of representativeness specific to each variable and product type (country and sector). Technical details on how relatively common variables (e.g., number of animals per hectare) are combined into indicators (e.g., carbon footprint) are provided in the full documentation of the dataset.

Considering the features of GIs and organic production, Deliverable 5.2 analyses the relationships between Public Goods (PGs) and Food Quality Schemes (FQS). The deliverable evaluates the impacts of the cases study described in Deliverable 5.1 in terms of their contribution to rural development and territorial cohesion given by the capacity to generate positive externalities and hence PGs. The analysis focuses on: i) contribution to local economies; ii) generation of environmental, social and cultural externalities; iii) contribution of different governance mechanisms to ensure the valorisation of producers' know-how and local resources; iv) social cohesion in term of creation of social capital and social networks. Overall, the products that fall within the organic FQS category, contribute to the generation of environmental PGs more than the GI FQS. However, the latter contribute more to the generation of socio-economic PGs. In general, most FQS present a low capacity to generate Cultural Heritage PGs. This indicates that there is considerable space to improve the cultural dimension of these products for the benefit of producers and consumers. The analysis conducted by the Strength2Food methodology show that if there is political will on the part of producers, there is room for improvement in the generation of PGs. At the same time, the measurement of the capacity to produce PGs would further justify the greater economic value of these products to consumers.

Considering the features of GIs and organic production, Deliverable 5.2 analyses the relationships between Public Goods (PGs) and Food Quality Schemes (FQS). The deliverable evaluates the impacts of the cases study described in Deliverable 5.1 in terms of their contribution to rural development and territorial cohesion given by the capacity to generate positive externalities and hence PGs. The analysis focuses on: i) contribution to local economies; ii) generation of environmental, social and cultural externalities; iii) contribution of different governance mechanisms to ensure the valorisation of producers' know-how and local resources; iv) social cohesion in term of creation of social capital and social networks. Overall, the products that fall within the organic FQS category, contribute to the generation of environmental PGs more than the GI FQS. However, the latter contribute more to the generation of socio-economic PGs. In general, most FQS present a low capacity to generate Cultural Heritage PGs. This indicates that there is considerable space to improve the cultural dimension of these products for the benefit of producers and consumers. The analysis conducted by the Strength2Food methodology show that if there is political will on the part of producers, there is room for improvement in the generation of PGs. At the same time, the measurement of the capacity to produce PGs would further justify the greater economic value of these products to consumers.