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The relationship between Left-Right political orientations, issue positions, & partisanship is examined in an attempt to determine whether the partisan component of Left-Right scales hinders the determination of the issue placement on such scales. Survey data collected in 1979 from citizens of 8 Western European nations were analyzed for measurement of partisanship, Left-Right self-placement, & attitudes toward issues. Distance measurements of polarization were made, & a regression model was used to test whether partisanship & issues affect the Left-Right orientation scale. Results show that ideological polarization did reflect polarization according to issue. 6 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 28 References. A. Cole

Analyzes whether left-right scales provide an interval measure of citizen issue attitudes that is comparable. Two views of left-right self-placement are juxtaposed: either that issue attitudes are the primary component of left-right self-placement; or that partnership to the primary component, which entails that left-right scales will take on different substantive meanings in countries with different types of party systems. (Abstract amended)

Argues that recent & substantial global changes -- particularly the demise of communism, the development of new democracies, & new conflicts over environmental & immigration issues in advanced industrial societies -- raise questions about the meaning & importance of Right-Left ideology. Drawing on 1993 questionnaire data from 343 political scholars in 42 countries, examined are (1) the use of Right & Left language, (2) the existence of secondary dimensions orthogonal to the Left-Right dimension of political conflict, & (3) issues defining Left-Right ideology. Empirical data on the Left-Right domains of political parties in the 42 countries are also presented. It is concluded that, although the Left-Right dimension can be located in most political systems, its connotations differ according to a society's political & economic conditions. 4 Tables, 2 Appendixes, 33 References. M. Grounds

Der integrierte Pflanzenschutz erfordert selektiv wirkende Pflanzenschutzmittel, da die natürlich vorkommenden Gegenspieler von Schadorganismen geschont bzw. gefördert werden sollen. lnsektenpathogene Viren und die Bacillus-thuringiensis-Präparate erreichen einen Selektivitätsgrad, der den aller zur Zeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zugelassenen chemischen Insektizide - abgesehen von den Pheromonen - weit übertrifft. Sie entsprechen daher den Zielen des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes in besonderer Weise. Zur Förderung dieser selektiven mikrobiologischen Pflanzenschutzmittel werden eine Reihe von Vorschlägen beispielhaft für Bacillus-thuringiensis-Präparate gemacht: 1. Bessere Information des Anwenders über die Wirkungsweise und die günstigsten Einsatzbedingungen 2. Ermöglichung des Einsatzes höherer Aufwandmengen durch Preissenkung zur Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit und zur Steigerung der Wirkungssicherheit 3. Beseitigung der Wasserschutzgebietsauflage 4. Verbesserung der Rahmenbedingungen durch a) Nicht-Zulassung breitenwirksamer Chemikalien, wenn selektive Mittel oder Verfahren verfügbar sind b) Subventionierung selektiver Pflanzenschutzmittel bei gleichzeitiger Besteuerung breitenwirksamer Präparate c) Produktion selektiver Präparate mit staatlicher Unterstützung. 5. Stärkere Herausstellung der fehlenden Humantoxizität und der ökologischen Vorteile dieser Präparate durch a) Zulassungserweiterungen b) auffallende Kennzeichnung umweltverträglicher Pflanzenschutzmittel c) entsprechende Modifizierung der "Regeln für die gute landwirtschaftliche Praxis". ; Integrated pest control systems need selective pesticides for the protection of naturally occurring beneficial organisms. Preparations based on insect viruses or Bacillus thuringiensis have a much higher degree of selectivity than all chemical pesticides registrated in the Federal Republic of Germany today besides·synthetic pheromones. Therefore, they meet the aims of the new plant protections and act in an excellent way. For the promotion of these selective microbial preparations several points are proposed using Bacillus thuringiensis as an example: 1. Setter information of the users about the mode of action and the most favourable conditions of application 2. Lower prices: This should make it possible to apply higher closes enhancing the efficacy and diminishing the risk 3. No restriction for the use of these preparations in water catchment areas (with exccptions of the direct surroundings of the well) 4. Setter political framework for the use of these products by a) ban of pesticides harmful for the environment, if environmentally safe preparations or methods arc available for the same purpose b) subsidies for safe pesticides and taxes for preparations harmful for the environment c) governmental support for the production of selective preparations. 5. The lack of toxicity to humans and thc ecological advantages of the selectivc preparations should be more emphasized by a) an extended registration b) distinguishing label characterizing pesticides safe for the environment c) modifications of the official "rules for good farming practice" for these products.

This study examines the impact of nutritional status, classified by body mass index, on sex specific fat distribution patterns dependent on menopausal status in 467 pre-, peri- or postmenopausal females. Absolute and relative amounts of upper and lower body fat were estimated by means of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. It was found that low weight, independent of menopausal status, leads to the typical gynoid pattern of fat distribution while excess weight and obesity result in the android pattern of distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women.