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This research analyzes international refugees' presence in Indonesia, which gives local challenges for the Indonesian subnational Government as a transit location. This research uses a paradiplomacy perspective to analyze the West Jakarta Government's response to the foreign refugees in its territory. West Jakarta is one of the Administrative Cities in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. This research uses a qualitative research method. The research data sources were collected and analyzed from literature studies, current news, and socio-political theories. This research found that West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy occurs due to differences in regulations applies. Moreover, this process can be parallel alongside the Central Government (Indonesian Government) in handling refugees in their territory following a local-regional wisdom approach. The West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy carried out by coordinating the distribution of aid to refugees, working with stakeholders in handling international and national refugee issues, and managing refugee handling policies in transit locations where refugees live, especially in Kalideres, West Jakarta, Indonesia. These handling efforts aim to prevent horizontal conflicts between refugees and local people and achieve subnational interests in the form of support materially, financially, and politically.

This research analyzes international refugees' presence in Indonesia, which gives local challenges for the Indonesian subnational Government as a transit location. This research uses a paradiplomacy perspective to analyze the West Jakarta Government's response to the foreign refugees in its territory. West Jakarta is one of the Administrative Cities in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. This research uses a qualitative research method. The research data sources were collected and analyzed from literature studies, current news, and socio-political theories. This research found that West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy occurs due to differences in regulations applies. Moreover, this process can be parallel alongside the Central Government (Indonesian Government) in handling refugees in their territory following a local-regional wisdom approach. The West Jakarta Government's paradiplomacy carried out by coordinating the distribution of aid to refugees, working with stakeholders in handling international and national refugee issues, and managing refugee handling policies in transit locations where refugees live, especially in Kalideres, West Jakarta, Indonesia. These handling efforts aim to prevent horizontal conflicts between refugees and local people and achieve subnational interests in the form of support materially, financially, and politically. ; Penelitian ini menganalisis keberadaan pengungsi internasional di Indonesia yang memberikan tantangan lokal bagi Pemerintah subnasional Indonesia sebagai lokasi transit. Penelitian ini menggunakan perspektif paradiplomasi untuk menganalisis respon Pemerintah Jakarta Barat terhadap pengungsi asing di wilayahnya. Jakarta Barat merupakan salah satu Kota Administratif di Daerah Khusus Ibukota (DKI) Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dari studi literatur, berita terkini, dan teori-teori sosial politik. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa paradiplomasi Pemerintah Jakarta Barat terjadi karena adanya perbedaan regulasi yang berlaku. Apalagi, proses ini bisa paralel dengan Pemerintah Pusat (Pemerintah Indonesia) dalam menangani pengungsi di wilayahnya dengan pendekatan kearifan lokal-regional. Paradiplomasi Pemerintah Jakarta Barat dilakukan dengan mengkoordinasikan penyaluran bantuan kepada pengungsi, bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) dalam penanganan permasalahan pengungsi internasional dan nasional, serta mengelola kebijakan penanganan pengungsi di lokasi transit tempat tinggal pengungsi, khususnya di Kalideres, Jakarta Barat. Upaya penanganan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah konflik horizontal antara pengungsi dan masyarakat lokal serta mencapai kepentingan subnasional dalam bentuk dukungan material, finansial, dan politik.

This article seeks to analyse how Catalan identity, within the context of its conflict with the Spanish government, contributes to its foreign relations with the global public through paradiplomacy. This article uses qualitative research method with literature study. It finds that Catalonia, as one of Spain's autonomous regions, have a distinct history, language, and culture from other Spanish regions. To protect their identity, there have been an emergence of movement for greater Catalan autonomy, even independence. This conflict reached climax on 1 October 2017 when the Catalan government initiated an independence referendum amongst Catalan people, with the majority voted for independence from Spain. Since then, the Catalan independence movement has faced many changes until now, with one of the moves done by Catalonia to seek support from global public through their paradiplomacy. As such, it is worth noting how paradiplomacy done by the Catalan government was an effort to protect the existence of their identity, which increases the complication and dynamics of Catalan and Spanish governments' internal conflict. Findings from this study may show important implications for the resolution of similar internal conflicts, especially those involving identity and paradiplomacy.