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After discussion of existing literature on children's work in Portugal, the article presents findings from research carried out in the southern region of that country on social policy relating to child labour. Examination of children's and parents' views on children's work suggests that the main discourse on child labour and the international policies it promotes are far from taking their complex realities into account. Problems that relate to poverty, access to education and professional training, as well as diverse views on childhood experience, make children's work very important for some sectors of the European population.

Die Verfasserin stellt Ergebnisse zweier qualitativer Untersuchungen zu Kinderarbeit in Peru und Portugal vor. Dabei werden die ethnographischen Daten in vier interdependente Kategorien unterteilt, die die Kinderarbeit (1) als Überlebensstrategie und Mittel zur Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen Lage, (2) als Beitrag zur Sozialisation und Identitätsentwicklung, (3) als soziale Partizipation und (4) als Ausbeutung sehen. Diese Kategorisierung kann allerdings nach Einschätzung der Verfasserin den Sinn, den die Arbeit für die Kinder hat, auch verschleiern. Arbeitserfahrungen von Kindern, so ihr Fazit, sind breit gefächert. Zu ihrer Erforschung darf man sich nicht auf Kategorien wie Arbeit, Armut und Freizeit konzentrieren, sondern man muss die Kinder selbst in den Mittelpunkt stellen. (ICE2)

1. The value and values of children's rights / Michael Freeman -- 2. Are children's rights still human? / Nigel Cantwell -- 3. Understanding a human rights based approach to matters involving children : conceptual foundations and strategic considerations / John Tobin -- 4. The CRC : dynamics and directions of monitoring and implementation / Jaap E. Doek -- 5. Acknowledging children as international citizens : a child-sensitive communication mechanism for the convention on the rights of the child / Geraldine Van Bueren -- 6. Has research improved the human rights of children or have the information needs of the CRC improved data about children? / Judith Ennew -- 7. How are the human rights of children related to research methodology? / Harriot Beazley. [et al.] -- 8. Using the Convention on the Rights of the Child in law and policy : two ways to improve / Ursula Kilkelly -- 9. Using the CRC to inform EU law and policy-making / Helen Stalford and Eleanor Drywood -- 10. The roles of independent human rights institutions in implementing the CRC / Brian Gran -- 11. Multi-level governance and CRC implementation / Jane Williams -- 12. Human rights and child poverty in the UK : time for change / Rhian Croke and Anne Crowley -- 13. An exploration of the discrimination-rights dynamic in relation to children / Elspeth Webb -- 14. Child health equity : from theory to reality / Jeffrey Goldhagen and Raul Mercer -- 15. Our rights, our story : Funky Dragon's report to the United Nations Committee on the rights of the child / Funky Dragon.

Offering a critical and contemporary approach to the central debates surrounding children's citizenship, the authors make explicit the connections between theoretical approaches, legal instruments, policy implementation, the experiences of children themselves, and the practice of professionals who work with them

Relations between the International Labour Organization (ILO) and grassroots movements of working children are characterised by tensions. Working children's claim to participate in conceptualising child labour policy is increasingly rejected. Most recently, in November 2017, the Latin American Movement of Working Children and Adolescents (MOLACNATs) lodged a complaint with the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child over violations of rights enshrined in the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. This article reconstructs the history of working children's movements and their communication with ILO since the 1990s.

This volume provides a series of critical analyses of some of the contemporary debates in relation to the human rights of children, resituating them within visions which informed the text of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989. The studies embrace examination of some of today's widespread interpretations of the CRC, analysis of what is implied by a human rights-based approach in research and advocacy and consideration of advances and barriers to research and to several aspects of CRC implementation. With contributions by leading experts in the field, the book examines the CRC as an international instrument, its inherent dilemmas and some of the debates generated by the challenges of implementation. It embraces examinations of different levels of governance from the international to the state party, regional and local levels, including institutional developments and changes in law, policy and practice. The book will be a valuable resource for students, researchers and policy-makers working in the area of children's rights and welfare.

Con estas notas, recordamos a Judith Ennew, quien falleció prematuramente y de manera imprevista en octubre de 2013. Judith fue una persona maravillosa, que combinó de manera impresionante el compromiso práctico con los niños y sus derechos con un ethos convincente como investigadora de las vidas de los niños. Como activista e investigadora, trabajó y visitó varias partes del mundo, primero en Jamaica, luego en América Latina, en África y en el sudeste de Asia, así como en varios países europeos. Ella centró su interés particularmente en los niños que sufren desigualdad social, pobreza, violencia, explotación y discriminación.

This volume brings together tributes to Judith Ennew's work and approach based on issues related to children she once referred to as 'out of place', that is to say children whose living conditions and ways of life appear far removed from Western images of childhood. It includes contributions on working children, children living on the street, orphans and victims of sexual exploitation. It covers developments and concepts used by Judith Ennew with an emphasis on perspectives of children's human rights, their participation, cultural sensitivity, research methodology, methods, ethics, monitoring, policy making and programming. In so doing, it brings together material that form a holistic view of not only her way of thinking, but of a policy and programming agenda developed by a number of researchers, academics and activists since the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.