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Abstracts: Background: The menstrual cycle is characterized by fluctuations in several hormones, most notably the gonadal steroids, estrogen and progesterone.¹ Sympathetic function tests are the one of the autonomic function tests and it is easy, non invasive test to be carried out. They give us idea about role of gonadal hormone in sympathetic control of cardiovascular system during different phases of menstrual cycle. Aim: Aim of this study is to determine whether fluctuation of reproductive hormone during premenstrual and post menstrual phases affecting sympathetic function tests or not. Objectives: To do and compare sympathetic function tests in pre and post menstrual phase. Methods: Study was carried out in 50 adult healthy female having age group of 26-40 years. Sympathetic function tests were carried out by instrument Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System Analyzer (CANS) 504 in Department of Physiology, Government Medical Collage, Bhavnagar. Sympathetic function tests were done using standard protocol and statically analyzed. Results: Statically significant difference was seen between premenstrual phase and postmenstrual phase in all sympathetic function test parameters which includes supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood pressure response to standing and systolic blood pressure response after sustained hand grip test. Interpretation & conclusion: According to this study sympathetic dominance is seen in premenstrual phase of menstrual cycle that may be due to increased level of progesterone and oestrogen in premenstrual phase.

Across cities in India, migrant groups, squatters and the urban poor residing in slums have played a crucial role in developing low‐income housing. This form of housing is closely connected to the economic activity of the poor, which in turn contributes to the wider urban economy. It also enables the poor to consolidate their position in the city and make claims on the city administration for infrastructure. However, such housing has been bracketed as 'informal' and lacks legitimacy. Policies concerning low‐income housing must address this issue while enabling the poor to further their economic and entrepreneurial initiatives.

Background & Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Smokers are at an increased risk of developing early and asymptomatic PAD as compared to non-smokers.Ankle-Brachial Pressure index is a non-invasive vascular test measured by comparing systolic blood pressures in the ankle to the higher of the brachial systolic blood pressures, which is the best estimate of central systolic blood pressure ABPI is the gold standard screening test for the diagnosing PAD with a cut-off value of >0.9. Materials and Methods: Present study was carried out at cardiovascular function lab, Department of physiology, Government medical college, Bhavnagar, among 200 subjects, out of which 100 were Smokers and 100 were Non-Smokers, in age group of 20-50 years. Smokers were further categorized into Mild (n=44), Moderate (n=26), and Heavy (n=30) based on the smoking index.Observations and Results: The ABPI of both the limbs of Smokers was significantly lower than the non-smokers and this was further intensified among the smokers as the intensity and duration period of smoking increases amongst smokers with lowest ABPI in the Heavy Smokers and the highest ABPI in the mild smokers. Our study also found out generalized extremely significant decrease in ABPI in smokers as compared to non-smokers. A high relative risk of 4.9, odds ratio of 9.5 of asymptomatic PAD in smokers as compared to non-smokers was also observed. Conclusions: Cigarette Smoking plays a major role in degradation and decreased function of Cardiovascular System and in particular causative factor for PAD. Through this study we can educate the smokers about the adverse effects of smoking on various systems of the body particularly the lesser known and the cardiovascular system to the general population. Furthermore there is also a need to incorporate ABPI as a screening procedure in peripheral health centres.

Nach einleitenden Bemerkungen zu Beamten und der Bürokratie im allgemeinen untersucht der Autor die Rolle der Bürokratie in Indien. Er stellt den Einfluß und die Verbindungen vom Staat auf der einen Seite und der Wirtschaft auf der anderen Seite zur Bürokratie dar. Abschließend werden mögliche Entwicklungen in der Zukunft aufgezeigt. (DÜI-Xyl)

The presidency at an institution of higher education demands a person with a multiplicity of skills in order to deal with a multitude of internal and external stakeholders. They must be able to multitask and seek competitive advantage to deal with a myriad of stakeholders. Bolman and Deal postulated that leaders who analyze problems from a variety of perspectives were able to solve more complex problems. This study examined the leadership frames of University presidents. The findings show these frames presented in descending order: human resources, structural, political, symbolic and the absence of the any particular frame. By viewing problems from numerous perspectives, leaders may be able to perform more creative problem solving to better address stakeholders' concerns.

ABSTRACTThe emergence of numerous learning style models over the past 25 years has brought increasing attention to the idea that students learn in diverse ways and that one approach to teaching does not work for every student or even most students. We have reviewed five learning style instruments (the Kolb Learning Style Indicator, the Gregorc Style Delineator, the Felder–Silverman Index of Learning Styles, the VARK Questionnaire, and the Dunn and Dunn Productivity Environmental Preference Survey) in this article in order to describe the learning style modes or dimensions measured in the instruments; find the common measures and the differences; report on research on instrument validity, reliability, and possible improvement in student performance; suggest classroom activities that work with the different student learning styles; and recommend selection of models under several conditions. We also review one additional learning style instrument, the Revised Approaches to Studying Inventory, as a complementary approach to using one or more of the first five learning style instruments.