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The EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports was established in 1998, proclaiming the European Union as one of the world's most progressive regions in strengthening and harmonizing arms export controls. The code contains eight criteria, which all member states must consider when agreeing to an arms export licence; it also establishes a notification, consultation and reporting mechanism among EU member states. The stabilization and association process (SAP) makes this code binding on EU candidate countries: neighbouring states and other third countries may choose to align themselves with the code. But we would argue that no arms control agreement which does not recognize the need to licence and control the activities of arms brokers can ever hope to be effective. Therefore the vital interest of the EU Code of Conduct for the purposes of this article is that it is extended to cover arms brokering activities by the EU Common Position on arms brokering of June 2003. This Common Position also establishes a system for EU member states to share information relating to arms brokers operating within the EU, and requires member states to develop adequate export controls and enforcement procedures to effectively regulate arms brokers within the EU. Despite the accession of most Eastern European states to the European Union and the pledged collaboration of the remainder with the EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports, there is evidence to suggest that at least four states in Eastern Europe are not fully meeting their responsibilities under the code as regards small arms and light weapons. Adapted from the source document.

The World Economic Forum regards the threat of cyber attack as one of the top five global risks confronting nations of the world today. Cyber attacks are increasingly targeting the core functions of the economies in nations throughout the world. The threat to attack critical infrastructures, disrupt critical services, and induce a wide range of damage is becoming more difficult to defend against. Cybersecurity: Protecting Critical Infrastructures from Cyber Attack and Cyber Warfare examines the current cyber threat landscape and discusses the strategies being used by governments and corporatio.

The Digital Age offers many far-reaching opportunities - opportunities that allow for fast global communications, efficient business transactions…and stealthily executed cyber crimes. Featuring contributions from digital forensic experts, the editor of Forensic Computer Crime Investigation presents a vital resource that outlines the latest strategies law enforcement officials can leverage against the perpetrators of cyber crimes. From describing the fundamentals of computer crimes and the scenes left in their wake to detailing how to build an effective forensic investigative force, thi

1. Power shifts and transformational global events / Thomas A. Johnson -- 2. The 2008 great recession's impact on globalization / Thomas A. Johnson -- 3. Key resource drivers in transformational global events / Thomas A. Johnson -- 4. The Arab revolutions of 2011 : promise, risk, and uncertainty / Andrew J. Budka -- 5. Rapprochement with Iran / Marsh E. Burfeindt -- 6. China : economic intimidation and runaway corruption / Julie Lowrie -- 7. The information revolution : the emergence of cyber power / Charles S. Preston -- 8. Challenges confronting the global transition of power / Thomas A. Johnson.

As the United States struggled to survive the recent recession, China quietly acquired a vast amount of U.S. Treasury bills and bonds. With China now holding so much of America's debt, currency valuation issues have already caused tensions between the two superpowers. Couple this with Iran's efforts to develop into a nuclear power in an area that lacks political stability, and the United States and China could soon find themselves in a global power tug-of-war. Power, National Security, and Transformational Global Events: Challenges Confronting America, China, and Iran explores the shifts in power that have initiated major transformational events around the world. Expert contributors identify the major challenges that now confront America as a result of these transformations. Filled with authoritative insights into how current and emerging situations will impact the United States, the book illustrates the policy problems and limited choices facing America.

By promoting an understanding of both terrorism and the terrorist, this volume examines the complexities inherent in creating a national security policy that combats terrorist attacks. It examines the tools used by terrorist groups, the infrastructure targets vulnerable to attack, and our vulnerabilities to the five categories of WMDs

This article assesses Afghanistan's Presidential Election of 2019. Analyzing official data from the Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC), it examines voting patterns at both the national and provincial levels and compares these results with those of past elections. It draws on statistical methods to evaluate Afghan electoral procedures, focusing in particular on the practice of ballot invalidation and voter suppression as well as the role of ethno-linguistic voting blocs. The analysis reveals highly unusual voting patterns and other dynamics that point to significant irregularities and fraud. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for future Afghan elections.

AbstractThis article draws on interview and documentary data from three anti-incinerator campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou to examine how urban middle-class homeowners respond to potential local health hazards. It illustrates how and why campaigners shifted from a heavily localized "not-in-my-backyard" (NIMBY) approach that opposed incinerators based on their siting towards a much broader critique of incineration that exploited weaknesses in waste management policy. Although public health concerns remained central during the course of the three campaigns, how they were presented changed as campaigners developed expertise through self-study. This enabled them to construct an alternative narrative about incineration and present their arguments from a public interest perspective, thus deflecting the pejorative NIMBY label.

This article draws on interview and documentary data from three anti-incinerator campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou to examine how urban middle-class homeowners respond to potential local health hazards. It illustrates how and why campaigners shifted from a heavily localized "not-in-my-backyard" (NIMBY) approach that opposed incinerators based on their siting towards a much broader critique of incineration that exploited weaknesses in waste management policy. Although public health concerns remained central during the course of the three campaigns, how they were presented changed as campaigners developed expertise through self-study. This enabled them to construct an alternative narrative about incineration and present their arguments from a public interest perspective, thus deflecting the pejorative NIMBY label. (China Q/GIGA)