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Rather than being considered merely an illegal act, the drinking‐driving phenomenon can be viewed as a form of social behavior, governed by a set of socially shared rules. This article reports a study which identifies these rules through observation of individuals participating in drinking‐driving behavior in four different settings: a close‐knit neighborhood bar, a neighborhood bar that draws on a larger population, a social club, and "a fairly fashionable watering hole." The study indicates that the particular social and economic environment of the drinking establishment influences drinking‐driving behavior. The intimacy of the neighborhood bar allows the bartender to exert control over drinking and assist in finding alternatives to driving. As the practical possibilities for contact with the bartender are reduced, the ability for the drinking establishment to control drinking‐driving is lessened. Moreover, the economic reality in all bars—the need to sell drinks—takes precedence over controlling drinking‐ driving. Alternative countermeasures which take into account these social rules of drinking‐driving are suggested as preferable policy developments.

During the Second World War, African American soldiers were stationed all over the world as part of the American war effort. During these deployments, African Americans encountered a number of white societies, such as those in Britain and Australia, which they generally interacted with cordially. Good relations between African American soldiers and the local white populations angered many white servicemembers, who saw the lack of Jim Crow style segregation as a threat to the racial status quo, and attempted to enforce segregation overseas themselves. These attempts were often resisted fiercely by African American soldiers and the local white populations, both of whom despised such rules being forced upon them. This thesis examines the interactions between American forces and the British and Australian populations during the Second World War through the lens of race. It argues that the deployment of African Americans soldiers overseas left not only an impression on those African Americans who served, but also on Britons and Australians who encountered them. For those African Americans who were deployed in places like Britain and Australia, their experiences with these relatively friendly white societies and the white American soldiers who attempted to enforce segregation outside the United States highlighted the racial inequalities inherent in American society, and strengthened their resolve to fight against inequality. For the Britons and Australians who interacted with African Americans, racial discrimination by white Americans in their own countries lead many to reevaluate their opinions on both racism in the United States and in their own societies. Thus, this thesis expands the boundaries of the wartime struggle for civil rights by bringing the fight for equality into a larger multinational conversation.

In 1995 a series of federal court decisions called into question the efficacy of race-based preferential treatment programs initiated by two leading public universities.1 Both decisions occurred at a time when government-imposed, race-conscious remedial measures are being increasingly challenged on the grounds that they either violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964,2 or breach the guarantee of equal protection under the laws provided by the Fourteenth Amendment. Most recently, a federally mandated race-based preference was successfully challenged on the grounds that it violated an "implied" equal protection clause in the Fifth Amendment.3 As a further indication of this shift away from state supported racial preferences, legislation is pending in Congress4 that, if enacted, would make the consideration of any individual's race, color, national origin or gender in regard to selection or eligibility for any federal program unlawful.