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Zwrócenie uwagi na media lokalne jest ważne z powodu ich tematycznej bliskości z odbiorcą. Występują najczęściej w czterech głównych typach formatu: tradycyjna prasa drukowana, radio lokalne, telewizja lokalna i ortale internetowe. Przeważają ilościowo w wielu systemach medialnych państw (np. tradycyjna prasa drukowana: w Polsce 2000–2500 tytułów, Niemczech – 1500; np. lokalna prasa w wydaniu cyfrowym: Portugalia – 170 tytułów) odgrywając przy tym istotną rolę w życiu społeczeństw. Z empirycznych badań Anny Przybylskiej wynika, iż regularny kontakt z mediami lokalnymi wpływa pozytywnie na przywiązanie do miejsca zamieszkania i zaangażowanie społeczne mieszkańców. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie problemów, na jakie napotykają polskie media lokalne i kierunków ich rozwoju. Hipoteza badawcza brzmi – przemiany w polskich mediach lokalnych dotyczą zmian strukturalnych i jakościowych. Zmienia się zatem i warsztat dziennikarza, jak i zawartość prasy lokalnej. Jedną z głównych przyczyn tych zmian jest dynamiczny rozwój technologii. Stąd można zadać pytanie o kierunek tych przekształceń i jakie skutki za sobą pociągają, i wreszcie jaką nową jakość w dziennikarstwie lokalnym wprowadzają.

The issue of access to information and documents concerning the functioning of European Union institutions is extensive and complex. It encompasses all activities to promote or pro- vide citizens with information on the operation of European Union institutions, and in particu- lar the access to European Union materials, which is regulated by numerous separate provisions. The most important ones involve the principles behind the publishing of EU mate- rials and legal regulations on access to documents that have not been published and those sent to the archives. Consequently, there are separate regulations on information policy and the right to access documents. The author counterpoints the legal foundations for access to EU documents with the practical execution of this right and fulfillment of the provisions of EU in- formation policy.

The analysis of the content of local periodicals makes it possible to indicate two types of women's issues. One presents both historical as well as modern images of women, while the other discusses women's issues in relation to political, economic and social phenomena and events. The author of the paper attempts to answer the question of what women have found interesting and what they want to read about; whether we are dealing with sexism in the local press; whether publications on women's issues are more frequently written by men or women; whether there is a set division of positions and competences available to women in the operation of the local press and whether the fact that editors-in-chief are women influences the quality and quantity of women's topics discussed. The conclusions corroborate the main hypothesis, namely that although there are certain exceptions, the local press largely reinforces a stereo- typical approach to women.

The analysis of the content of Wielkopolska periodicals in the period from 1989 to 2011 indicates that female issues comprised two currents. One presented the historical and modern image of women, while the other discussed female issues in the context of political, economic and social events. In the first decade following the transformation the regional and local press confirmed the presence of the stereotype of female roles, but studies carried out in 2011 indicated that male and female roles were unified in numerous aspects of everyday life. This paper aims to deepen the issue previously discussed by the author, but only in the context of the qualitative changes that have occurred in the presentation of sports releases, focusing on sports events involving women in particular. To this end Wielkopolska local and regional newspapers, and local newspapers from the Leszno region (south-western part of Wielkopolska, the northern part of Lower Silesia and the south-eastern part of Lubuskie) in 1989–2012 were analyzed.

The transformation of the political communication models in Venezuela and other Latin American states is related to the evolving political culture in this region, together with a bold use of media communication approached both as a means and a goal. Video-politics, defined as a process of the mediatization of the constructs of political reality, is becoming a key notion for the citizens and voters there. Using the public means of social communication Hugo Chávez has made the Aló, Presidente show an arena of political decision-making and a space focused on political personalism. An analysis of selected elements of the show provides detailed information on the rhetorical tools and other mechanisms of exerting influence applied by Hugo Chávez. On a macro-scale the media strategies applied in the show turn out to be instruments of consolidating the image of executive power in Venezuela.

The civil service in Poland lacks legal and institutional continuity. Four laws regarding the civil service have been enacted over the past twelve years which have made different provisions concerning, for example, the body in charge of the civil service (The Civil Service Supervisor or the Head of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister) and handling its matters (The Civil Service Office of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister), the status of higher posts (in the civil service and outside of it) and the manner of manning such posts (contests, appointments, enrollment). The act on the civil service of 2008 introduced a range of instruments to provide for consistent operations and, consequently, stability of human resource management. It should be emphasized that at present the challenge concerning the civil service is to prepare it for the tasks to be fulfilled while Poland holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Providing training and applying various methods to develop civil servants' competence as well as adopting European models are a chance to increase the quality of civil service operations. ; The civil service in Poland lacks legal and institutional continuity. Four laws regarding the civil service have been enacted over the past twelve years which have made different provisions concerning, for example, the body in charge of the civil service (The Civil Service Supervisor or the Head of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister) and handling its matters (The Civil Service Office of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister), the status of higher posts (in the civil service and outside of it) and the manner of manning such posts (contests, appointments, enrollment). The act on the civil service of 2008 introduced a range of instruments to provide for consistent operations and, consequently, stability of human resource management. It should be emphasized that at present the challenge concerning the civil service is to prepare it for the tasks to be fulfilled while Poland holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union. Providing training and applying various methods to develop civil servants' competence as well as adopting European models are a chance to increase the quality of civil service operations.

The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems ofWestern Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model. ; The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems ofWestern Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model.

The civil services in Poland and EU institutions undergo similar processes. France (at the time of the 3 rd Republic) was the cradle of civil service, therefore the administrative systems of Western Europe (and others) have sought examples there. The Polish model of civil service can be described as a mixed one, with the prevalence of regulations typical of a career model. In the career model the state is the master that employs a servant. Similar solutions are applied in France, Germany and Austria. They have been modified for the purpose of the specific functions which the civil service performs in EU institutions (a so-called closed career model). In the position system, particular authority is granted the civil servant's employer rather than the state as a whole. A civil servant is employed in a particular position rather then in the civil service 'in general'. The stability of employment and guarantee of remuneration are lower. The UK, Nordic countries and Italy apply solutions that are similar to this model.

Stronniczość i obiektywizm – to kluczowe pojęcia współczesnej deontologii pracowników mediów. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu są wybrane zagadnienia aksjologiczne dziennikarstwa interpretacyjnego rozważane na tle badań empirycznych. Tezą prezentowanego opracowania jest stanowisko, iż opinie dziennikarzy mogą być stronnicze, co zależy od ich subiektywnej autonomii. Hipoteza postawiona w badaniu dotyczy związku stronniczości z systemem wartości, jaki reprezentują polscy dziennikarze. Postawiono zatem pytanie badawcze, czy etycznie działający dziennikarz ma prawo do bycia stronniczym? Z przeprowadzonych badań empirycznych w prasie drukowanej wynika, że interpretacja zawarta jest w większości materiałów prasowych: dotyczy to ponad 83% materiałów dziennikarskich w prasie lokalnej i 68% w prasie ogólnopolskiej (JRP). Wyniki z opisanych badań własnych porównano z danymi prezentowanymi w piśmiennictwie.

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wyników badania przeprowadzonego wśród studentów kierunku DIKS na siedmiu polskich uczelniach w ramach międzynarodowej inicjatywy badawczej zatytułowanej "Journalism Students Around the Globe". Artykuł koncentruje się na motywacjach, oczekiwaniach i planach zawodowych adeptów dziennikarstwa, już posiadanego przez nich doświadczenia zawodowego oraz oceny przydatności studiów na kierunku dziennikarstwo do wykonywania tego zawodu.